To produce energy from dark photons γ − , colliding it with Higgs boson particle BR(H → γγ − ) under extreme relativistic conditions (ERCs) has been proposed. The Higgs boson BR(H → γγ − ) gets excited at extreme relativistic conditions and its quantum field has an extremely short-range weak force which can create electromagnetic field. Thus, it has been assumed that the induction of an electrically charged particle dark photon γ − (non-energy level photon), into these extreme relativistic conditions will create an energy level photon, here named the Hossain dark photon (HDP). To confirm this HDP formation via a dark photon quantum interaction with a Higgs boson particle BR(H → γγ − ), a series of mathematical modeling tests using MATLAB software has been performed. Interestingly, these mathematical models revealed that the presence of extra relativistic conditions does transform the dark photon γ − into an HDP for N eff = 4.08 , respectively. Thereafter, the feasible HDP photon dynamics is also modeled using the atomic spectra contour maps of the Hamiltonian (

Natural refrigerants, such as hydrocarbons, have been renewed in recent

The objective of this study is to create an ultra-thin palladium foil with a molecular dynamic (MD) simulation technique on a copper substrate surface. The layer formed onto the surface consists of a singular 3D palladium (Pd) nanoparticle structure which, by the cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) technique, is especially incorporated into the low-cost copper substrate. Pd and Cu have been chosen for their possible hydrogen separation technology applications. The nanoparticles were deposited to the substrate surface with an initial velocity ranging from 500 to 1500 m/s. The particle radius was 1 to 4 nm and an angle of impact of 90° at room temperature of 300 K, in order to evaluate changes in the conduct of deformation caused by effects of size. The deformation mechanisms study revealed that the particle and substrate interface is subject to the interfacial jet formation and adiabatic softening resulting in a uniform layering. However, shear instabilities at high impact speeds were confirmed by the evolution of von Mises shear strain, temperature evolution and plastic strain. The results of this study can be used to further our existing knowledge in the complex spraying processes of cold gas dynamic spray technology.

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The study considered the potentials and economic feasibility of solar and wind energy resources for rural-electricity and distributed generation from six selected sites of Nigeria. Remote communities cut off from the central grid and made up of 200 homes, a school and health centre were conceived -a site per geopolitical zone was investigated. A specific electrical load profile was then developed to suite the rural communities. In view of this, the design that will optimally meet a daily load demand with 1% LOLP was carried out by considering standalone PV, Wind and Diesel systems design, as well as a Wind-PV hybrid system design. Further to this, an analysis covering the same sites was carried out to determine the commercial viability of generating and distributing electricity in the Megawatt range via distributed generation. The 24 years ' (1987-2010) solar, wind and other meteorological data utilized in this study was obtained from the Nigeria meteorological centre, Oshodi. The results of the study revealed that wind standalone system is the most economically viable substitute for power generation at most of the sites with costs ranged between $0.129/kWh and $0.327/kWh for Jos and Benin City respectively. More so, a huge potential for profit making by willing investors in line with the present tariff order for wind and PV distributed generation was discovered with all sites being viable on both configuration. The optimum LCOE for distributed generation ranged between -$0.021/kWh and -$0.158/kWh for PV distributed generation in Iseyin and Maiduguri respectively. This is very much competitive with grid electricity. Thus, renewable electricity could be adopted and included into the federal rural development strategy, thereby reducing the energy deficit being experienced in Nigeria.

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