Over the past century, there is an increased contribution of non climatic factors to the flood formation processes in the Kura River. Non climatic factors of floods refer to factors that are related to reductions in channel capacity and result in floods. More recently, there are numerous non climatic factors occurring in and around the Kura River basin that have increased the frequency of floods. Sediment accumulation in the riverbed over a long period of time has led to the reduction of channel capacity and has raised the elevation of the riverbed above the surrounding territory. It is illustrated that construction of dykes and levees do not actually prevent flooding, where hydrologic connections between groundwater and surface water are high, since infiltrated waters from channel results in raising of ground waters, causing an effect of ''underground flood.'' Since underground floods occur when water going from channels raises the level of ground waters, there is an urgent need to carefully investigate the groundwater-surface water connections. With the purpose of predicting floods, the authors suggest defining maximal acceptable flows (MAFs) rather than channel capacities. Results show that high rates of hydraulic conductivity of soils will decrease MAF rates. MAF computations before high-water season allow for further regulation of outlets further downstream in order to prevent flooding and enable flood forecasting. While the study focuses on a specific region, the overall approach suggested is generic and may be applied elsewhere.
Because of ongoing global climate change on Earth, along with other natural disasters floods widespread and frequent occurrence of this process in the Kura River basin in Azerbaijan creates great threat for the local population, agriculture and economy of the country. The core objective of the study was the analysis of the flooding in 2010 based on hydrometeorological and satellite data. Assessment of the hydrometeorological parameters that could cause flooding and tendency in comparison of the water level with perennial norm in the Kura River were conducted. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral satellite images reflecting this event were used. The map of flooded areas was developed by the usage of different tools and modules of ArcGIS 10.2.1.
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