The ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined on a treadmill in highly trained male marathon, male and female long-distance, young male long-distance, adult male and female and young female middle-distance runners, modern pentathlonists, adult canoeists of both sexes, young male canoeists and football players, and on a bicycle ergometer in table tennis players, water slalom paddlers, young female canoeists rowers, and ice hockey players. Young female canoeists were also examined on the paddling ergometer and rowers on the rowing ergometer. VT expressed in %VO2 max was higher the longer the duration of racing performance (in marathoners 86.7%). %VO2 max at the VT level depends on the type of load and is higher the better the organism is adapted to a load. In young female canoeists and rowers examined on the bicycle ergometer, we found the VT level at 74.2% and 74.6% of %VO2 max, respectively. In the case of specific loading, we recorded 84.8% and 85.0% of %VO2 max, respectively, in the same athletes. In the case of nonspecific loading highly trained individuals may have low VT values close to the level characteristic for normal subjects. In relatively equally trained young and adult athletes we did not find significant differences in %VO2 max at the VT level (for long-distance runners, 85.2% and 85.3%, respectively, in female middle-distance runners, 82.8% and 82.7%, respectively, and in canoeists 81.3% and 78.9% of %VO2 max, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Malczewska-Lenczowska, J, Orysiak, J, Majorczyk, E, Zdanowicz, R, Szczepańska, B, Starczewski, M, Kaczmarski, J, Dybek, T, Pokrywka, A, Ahmetov, II, and Sitkowski, D. Total hemoglobin mass, aerobic capacity, and the HBB gene in polish road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3512-3519, 2016-The relationship between genes, amount of hemoglobin, and physical performance are still not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between-551C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms in the beta hemoglobin (HBB) gene and total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) and aerobic capacity in endurance athletes. Total hemoglobin mass and aerobic capacity indices, i.e.,V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V[Combining Dot Above]O2AT), maximal power output (Pmax), and power at anaerobic threshold (PAT) were determined in 89 young road cyclists, female (n = 39) and male (n = 50), who were genotyped for 2 polymorphisms in the HBB gene. The relative values of aerobic capacity indices differed significantly among intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms of the HBB gene only in female cyclists; athletes with GG genotype had significantly higher values of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (p = 0.003), V[Combining Dot Above]O2AT (p = 0.007), PAT (p = 0.015), and Pmax (p = 0.004) than C carriers. No relationships were found between the C-carrier model (CC + CG vs. GG in the case of intron 2, +16 C/G and CC + CT vs. TT for -551 C/T polymorphisms of the HBB gene) and relative values of tHbmass. Our results demonstrated that the HBB gene could be related to aerobic capacity, but it seems that it does not result from an increase in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

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We determined noninvasively in a laboratory on the treadmill the anaerobic threshold (AT) (ventilatory threshold) and mechanical efficiency (ME) of running in 7 adult male long-distance runners (mean age = 24.1 yrs) and 17 adolescents (17.0 yrs), in 8 adult female middle-distance runners (23.2 yrs), in 12 young (16.1 yrs) and in 28 adult male canoeists (22.8 yrs), and in 10 juniors (17.4 yrs). We did not find significant differences in the metabolic adaptation characterized with the help of % VO2max on the AT level between relatively equally trained juniors and adults. In long-distance runners the % of VO2max on the AT level was 85.3% for adults and 85.2% for adolescents, in female middle-distance runners 82.8% and 82.7%, respectively, in adult canoeists 78.9%, and in juniors 79.8%. In ME which characterizes the degree of adaptation to the running and depends on the years of training and thus on the differences in racing performance, the values were lower for young athletes than for adults. The ME found in long-distance runners was 25.4% for young athletes and 32.4% for adults, in middle-distance runners 28.4% and 30.3%, respectively, and in canoeists 24.5% and 26.7%, respectively. The difference was significant only in long-distance runners where the greatest difference in racing performance (about 15%) is also found. The close similarity in responses to submaximal work intensities in adults and young sportsmen or subjects of equivalent fitness suggests caution in the interpretation of agewise decrements observed in physiologic variables which may be sensitive to physical fitness status.

Background. Wrestling has very long tradition as a combat sport. The wresting competitions were played during the ancient Olympic Games. In the modern Olympic Games wresting is represented by two styles, free (FS) and Greco-Roman (GRS) style. There are differ regarding task structures, but in both cases physiological and physical demands are very high. We sought to check, whether wrestlers` anaerobic leg power and capacity are related to the wrestling style.Material and methods. Juvenile male FS (n=20) and GRS (n=22) of the similar anthropometric and demographic characteristics were subjected to perform Wingate test(30s). Absolute values of relative peak power (PP) , total work output (WO), time to PP (T att) and time sustained of at least 97.5 % of PP (Tsus). Resting blood cortisol and testosterone levels were determined on the day of testing.Results. Both groups demonstrated almost the same values of PP, WO and hormonal status. The only slight differences regarded kinematic data. GRS wrestlers demonstrated shorter (by 16.4%) T att and longer (by 13,3%) T sus. Weak correlations were found between hormones and biomechanical variables.Conclusion. Type of wresting style does not affect anaerobic leg performance if the both groups of athletes do not differ in demographic and anthropometric characteristics.