BackgroundAudition provides important cues with regard to stimulus motion although vision may provide the most salient information. It has been reported that a sound of fixed intensity tends to be judged as decreasing in intensity after adaptation to looming visual stimuli or as increasing in intensity after adaptation to receding visual stimuli. This audiovisual interaction in motion aftereffects indicates that there are multimodal contributions to motion perception at early levels of sensory processing. However, there has been no report that sounds can induce the perception of visual motion.Methodology/Principal FindingsA visual stimulus blinking at a fixed location was perceived to be moving laterally when the flash onset was synchronized to an alternating left-right sound source. This illusory visual motion was strengthened with an increasing retinal eccentricity (2.5 deg to 20 deg) and occurred more frequently when the onsets of the audio and visual stimuli were synchronized.Conclusions/SignificanceWe clearly demonstrated that the alternation of sound location induces illusory visual motion when vision cannot provide accurate spatial information. The present findings strongly suggest that the neural representations of auditory and visual motion processing can bias each other, which yields the best estimates of external events in a complementary manner.
This chapter introduces a state-of-the-art scheme of non-blind digital-audio watermarking, based on the properties of the human cochlear. It is based on the concept of embedding inaudible watermarks into an original sound by controlling its phase characteristics in relation to the characteristics of Cochlear Delay (CD). Inaudible watermarks are embedded into original signals by applying Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) all-pass filters with CDs and they are then extracted from the phase difference between the original and watermarked sounds. The results obtained from objective and subjective evaluations and robustness tests revealed that the CD-based approach is considerably more effective in satisfying the requirements for non-blind inaudible watermarking. Embedding limitations with the CD-based approach were investigated with various evaluations. These results also revealed that embedding limitations with the CD-based approach could be improved by using parallel, cascade, and composite architectures for the CD filters.
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