To achieve the Kyoto Protocol target of carbon reduction in Japan, additional measures beyond individual building-scale are strongly required. Area-wide energy utilization is expected to play an important role, not only in improving energy efficiency, but also in enhancing utilization of renewable energy and unused thermal energy toward a low-carbon society. But so far there have been few initiatives that have been realized. One of the major hurdles is the lack of methods to convince stakeholders to collaborate towards implementation. This study focuses on non-energy benefits (NEBs), which are indirect benefits such as stimulating regional economies and environmental protection, as distinguished from the direct energy-benefit (EB) of utility costs reduction.Through the development of methods to classify and quantify various NEBs and to assign monetary values in the marginal abatement cost (MAC), area-wide energy utilization has been deemed to be more competitive among various carbon reduction measures. Customized marginal abatement cost curve evaluation has proven effective for encouraging stakeholders to implement.
Community-level decentralized and self-reliant energy network is expected to contribute to create a sustainable community as well as its self-vitalization and energy resiliency. But implementation of this system requires consensus among variety of stakeholders and long payback period, which are major hurdles. This study proposes the following concept and methods; (1) PPP business scheme consisting of two types of actors; "community-level energy network infrastructure operating company" and "on-site energy production and service providers" (2) Proper reallocation of cost and co-benefits among stakeholders by taking advantage of opportunities of adjusting tariffs, taxes, subsidies for the purpose of equalizing each stakeholder's B/C.
This research worked on the measure against CO 2 reduction according to the characteristics of the area for the Kanazawa seaside area in Yokohama city. This area consists of a collective housing complexes and a minor scale industrial complex, and also locates a waste incineration plant, a wastewater treatment plant, and a sludge treatment facility. Having been chosen as a measure with the large amount of CO 2 discharge reduction, it is the system which feeds into an incinerator the methane gas by carrying out mixed digestion of the kitchen garbage together with sewer sludge, and supply heat from a waste incineration factory through the transmission line. However, since this system has large initial cost for construction of transmission line, marginal abatement cost (MAC) for CO 2 emission reduction is very as large as 166.16 [USD/CO 2 ]. Then, when the pay-back year of the transmission line was changed from 20 years to 31.5 years which is equivalent to 70% of legal durable years, MAC was reduced to 104.40 [USD/CO 2 ]. Moreover, when Non Energy Benefit (NEB) by system introduction, such as job creation and an environmental improvement of the area, was taken into consideration, MAC was greatly reduced to -124.22 [USD/CO 2 ].
This research focuses on the evaluation of thermal energy efficiency in a building including thermal cascading systems such as cogeneration, solar-thermal, and PV systems, combined with final energy consumption for space heating and cooling, a dehumidifier, and a water heater. The thermal energy efficiency of the whole system varies depending on not only calorific balances but also on the temperature of heat conveying media and its flow-rate to each consumption unit. Based on the concept of the simulation tools, the major development work involves the modeling of cogeneration units. As the first development phase, a sample system consisting of one unit of each form of equipment has been completed adopting the "forward method." This paper describes the overview of the method by showing some results for a sample case study.
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