Molecular iodine catalyzes a cyclization of N-aryl-2-alkynylanilines, which proceeds through the iodocyclization of 2-alkynylanilines followed by the protodeiodination of the iodocyclized intermediates at room temperature. Furthermore, the molecular iodine catalysis can be applied to the cascade cyclization of 2-(enynyl)aniline and to the tandem cyclization-addition reaction of 2-alkynylanilines with α,β-enones.
A domino synthesis of benzofurans with the modification of side chains from α-alkoxyalkyl o-alkynylaryl ethers (n = 0) and electron-rich arenes has been developed. In the present domino reaction, which would proceed via the α-alkoxyalkylation of arenes with an intermediate in the migratory cycloisomerization of o-alkynylaryl ethers followed by the nucleophilic addition of benzofurans to benzyl ethers, a cationic Au(III) catalyst activates the C-C π bond and the C-O σ bond. The present method could be extended to Au(I)-catalyzed domino synthesis of tetracyclic isochromans from α-alkoxyalkyl (o-alkynylaryl)methyl ethers (n = 1) and aryl methoxymethyl ethers.
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) that can differentiate into gametes are used to produce genome‐edited chickens. However, the transfection efficiency into PGCs is low in chickens; therefore, the yield efficiency of PGCs modified via genome editing is problematic. In this study, we improved transfection efficiency and achieved highly efficient genome editing in chicken PGCs. For transfection, we used lipofection, which is convenient for gene transfer. Chicken PGC cultures require adding heparin to support growth; however, heparin significantly reduces lipofection efficiency (p < 0.01). Heparin‐induced lipofection efficiency was restored by adding protamine. Based on these results, we optimized gene transfer into chicken PGCs. Lipofectamine™ 2000 and our PGC medium was the most efficient transfection reagent and medium, respectively. Finally, based on established conditions, we compared the gene knock‐out efficiencies of ovomucoid, a major egg allergen, and gene knock‐in efficiencies at the ACTB locus. These results indicate that optimized lipofection is useful for CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knock‐out and knock‐in. Our findings may contribute to the generation of genome‐edited chickens and stimulate research in various applications involving them.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.