S-Allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO) is a precursor of garlic-odor compounds like diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) known as bioactive components. ACSO has suitable properties as a food material because it is water-soluble, odorless, tasteless and rich in bulbs of fresh garlic. The present study was conducted to examine the preventive effect of ACSO on hepatic injury induced by CCl4 in rats. ACSO, its analogs and garlic-odor compounds were each orally administered via gavage for five consecutive days before inducing hepatic injury. Then, biomarkers for hepatic injury and antioxidative state were measured. Furthermore, we evaluated the absorption and metabolism of ACSO in the small intestine of rats and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation by ACSO using HepG2 cells. As a result, ACSO, DADS and DATS significantly suppressed the increases in biomarkers for hepatic injury such as the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and decreases in antioxidative potency such as glutathione (GSH) level and the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). We also found ACSO was absorbed into the portal vein from the small intestine but partially metabolized to DADS probably in the small intestine. In in vitro study, ACSO induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation in HepG2 cells, which is recognized as an initial trigger to induce antioxidative and detoxifying enzymes. Taken together, orally administered ACSO probably reached the liver and induced antioxidative and detoxifying enzymes by Nrf2 nuclear translocation, resulting in prevention of hepatic injury. DADS produced by the metabolism of ACSO in the small intestine might also have contributed to the prevention of hepatic injury. These results suggest potential use of ACSO in functional foods that prevent hepatic injury and other diseases caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Synopsis:Structural changes during austenitizing of a Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel, which has martensitic structure initially, were observed.Austenite nucleated at Ac1 temperature grows with orientation, therefore, shape of residual ferrite becomes acicular. The final structure includes acicular pattern derived from acicular shaped residual ferrite in austenitic matrix. This is the structure that have previously been named "DEC". Variations of heat-treating condition induce the changes of distribution of acicular pattern.Equiaxed grains formed in DEC, which have been named "LEC", increase with increasing austenitizing temperature, and the increasing rate is smaller in the early stage of its formation and larger in the later stage. Variations of heat-treating condition induce the changes of increasing rate of LEC in the later stage of its formation.It was shown that, in the case when coarser austenitic grain is formed, relatively rougher distribution of acicular pattern in DEC, larger increasing rate of LEC in later stage of its formation, and larger LEC size are obtained.It was suggested that examinations on fine austenitic grains which constitute the DEC is important for the explanation of these phenomena.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.