The SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family includes key regulators of osmostress and abscisic acid (ABA) responses in angiosperms and can be classified into three subclasses. Subclass III SnRK2s act in the ABA response while ABA-nonresponsive subclass I SnRK2s are regulated through osmostress. Here we report that an ancient subclass III SnRK2-based signalling module including ABA and an upstream Raf-like kinase (ARK) exclusively protects the moss Physcomitrella patens from drought. Subclass III SnRK2s from both Arabidopsis and from the semiterrestrial alga Klebsormidium nitens, which contains all the components of ABA signalling except ABA receptors, complement Physcomitrella snrk2− mutants, whereas Arabidopsis subclass I SnRK2 cannot. We propose that the earliest land plants developed the ABA/ARK/subclass III SnRK2 signalling module by recruiting ABA to regulate a pre-existing dehydration response and that subsequently a novel subclass I SnRK2 system evolved in vascular plants conferring osmostress protection independently from the ancient system.
This report presents the case of a 6-day-old male with cystic biliary atresia (CBA), and the cyst was detected antenatally. Antenatal ultrasonography suggested the possibility of CBA or a choledochal cyst at 16 weeks' gestation. However, the cyst disappeared during the later gestational period. The cyst was detected again by preoperative imaging. Surgical cholangiography at 30 days of age confirmed CBA, but the common hepatic duct (CHD) was extremely narrow. The histopathological findings revealed the partial obstruction of CHD. These findings suggest that correctable CBA (I cyst) may change into uncorrectable CBA (IIId).
In the original published PDF version of the article, the labels on the graphs in Figure 2c were inadvertently swapped. The error has been corrected in the PDF.
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