Synthesis, coating, and morphogenesis of conductive polymers were achieved on a variety of substrates through spontaneous generation of activated monomer vapors under ambient pressure and low temperature conditions. The present approach facilitates the generation of complex hierarchical morphologies and the conductive coating for improvement of electrochemical properties.
The polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in a dilute aqueous solution in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has been studied kinetically, with the extent of polymerization followed by a bromometric titration method. The rate of the polymerization changed characteristically with the amount of PVP in the solution and went through a maximum at a certain initial mole ratio of PVP and AA, [PVP]0/[AA]0, under a constant [AA]0 value. The mole ratio which gave the maximum rate was almost proportional to the reciprocal of [AA]0. In the course of the polymerization, a polymer complex consisting of PVP and polymerized AA was precipitated. Its composition, (PAA)c/(PVP)c, has been found to be different as the polymerization conditions are varied. Hardly no comparable data between the bromometric method and a turbidimetric method used to measure the rate were obtained. The influence of PVP on the polymerization was assumed to be caused by the local concentration of AA in the vicinity of PVP. A mechanism based on the effect of the local concentration, the “polymer atmosphere binding mechanism,” has been found to explain the experimental results well.
The surface of oxidant crystals facilitates the simultaneous synthesis and morphogenesis of conductive polymer materials. Oxidant crystals as a condensed phase of the oxidative agent induce the formation of the conductive polymer nanoparticles and their accumulated films.
Structural change of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), which can form sol–gel coating films via silsesquioxane, was investigated to elucidate the mechanism of coating at the early stage. Although films that can be used for sol–gel coating can be formed only after heating at about 100 °C for an hour, growth of nanoparticles was detected in the MTMS solutions at room temperature by static and dynamic light scattering. The existence and growth of nanoparticles were also confirmed by other measurements.
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