Field-based experiments were used to determine the lethal activity of insecticides on apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), eggs and larvae in apple (Malis spp.) fruit. The organophosphates azinphosmethyl and phosmet and the neonicotinoids thiacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam showed significant curative activity on the apple maggot postinfestation, when applied topically to apple fruit 24 h postharvest. Of the compounds tested, only phosmet showed significant curative activity on apple maggot when applied 14 d postharvest. The pyrethroid esfenvalerate, oxadiazine indoxacarb, anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole, and spinosyns spinosad and spinetoram did not show activity on apple maggot eggs and larvae in fruit. Residue profiles showed that for most compounds, the majority (>85%) of residues were found in the skin and the outside 2 mm of the apple flesh. For the neonicotinoid compounds, however, substantial portions of residues were found to penetrate in and beyond the outer flesh regions, and the total flesh residue recoveries were generally greater than those from the skin. Residues of azinphosmethyl and phosmet were detected in all three flesh regions, with the largest proportions recovered from the skin.
Semi-field experiments were used to compare the curative activity of insecticides on spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)) and blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae)) in blueberry fruit. The organophosphate phosmet, the spinosyn spinetoram, and neonicotinoids imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam showed significant lethality on spotted-wing drosophila and blueberry maggot larvae and eggs, when applied topically to blueberry fruit post-infestation. The pyrethroids fenpropathrin and zeta-cypermethrin showed high levels of post-infestation activity on spotted-wing drosophila larvae or eggs, and indoxacarb showed statistically weaker activity. Curative activity is a previously unrecognised contributor to the overall means by which blueberry growers may achieve control of spotted-wing drosophila and blueberry maggot with the use of insecticides in blueberries.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.