To maximize reproductive success, many animal species have evolved functional sex change. Theory predicts that transitions between sexes should occur when the fitness payoff of the current sex is exceeded by the fitness payoff of the opposite sex. We examined phenotypic differences between the sexes in a sexchanging vertebrate, the mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus), to elucidate potential factors that might drive the 'decision' to switch sex. Rivulus populations consist of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males. Hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental conditions, affording us the opportunity to generate 40 hermaphrodite-male pairs where, within a pair, individuals possessed identical genotypes despite being different sexes. We quantified steroid hormone levels, behavior (aggression and risk taking), metabolism and morphology (organ masses). We found that hermaphrodites were more aggressive and risk averse, and had higher maximum metabolic rates and larger gonadosomatic indices. Males had higher steroid hormone levels and showed correlations among hormones that hermaphrodites lacked. Males also had greater total mass and somatic body mass and possessed considerable fat stores. Our findings suggest that there are major differences between the sexes in energy allocation, with hermaphrodites exhibiting elevated maximum metabolic rates, and showing evidence of favoring investments in reproductive tissues over somatic growth. Our study serves as the foundation for future research investigating how environmental challenges affect both physiology and reproductive investment and, ultimately, how these changes dictate the transition between sexes.
Abstract:This review covers the five themes of the Temporal Turn: Art and Speculation in Contemporary Asia , and suggests the greatest achievement of the exhibition, while also offering suggestions to improve its impact. The paper also delves into the rapid changes in Asia over the past 50 years, including political, cultural, and population transformation, tying them to specific works in the exhibition. The article selects artworks in Temporal Turn emphasizing these large, rapid changes made by contemporary Asian artists.Research into the economic, political, and cultural facets of East Asian culture is used to back claims made in the paper. Furthermore, the paper proposes how the viewer should respond to the exhibition with thematic context, suggesting it disorients its audience in time and reality.
Literature Review:Connecting the themes of change and speculation to historical and contemporary Asian history separates my exhibition review from the rest. Researching Asia as it develops and grows offers insight into the five themes of Temporal Turn . Furthermore, this paper recognizes and explains the broader message of the exhibition, while also unpacking the five themes by giving the reader a comprehensive walk through the galleries, highlighting key works from each theme. Another distinct part of my argument is my recommendation to rearrange the layout of the works to better explore speculation across themes, and to draw comparisons between the pieces. Finally, in describing the exhibition to the reader, 1
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