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Highlights • The role of bond energies in combustion is analysed. • Oxygen bond energy is a major contributor towards HHV of fuels. • The proposed correlation is valid for a wide range of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. • The correlation is only a function of mass fraction of oxygen required for combustion. • The correlation is simple, yet accurate, leading to useful insights in fuel development.

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WHO-approved insecticides were co-intercalated with hexadecyl-trimethylammonium (HDTMA) chloride in bentonite in an attempt to improve their persistence. XRD and FT-IR confirmed successful co-intercalation of the insecticides. Bioassays revealed that the activity of co-intercalated insecticides deteriorated after just one week of accelerated aging at 40 °C and 90 % ℜH. However, when the pH of the bentonite slurry used for intercalation was reduced with acetic acid to pH = 4.5, the persistence life increased to 113 days. The performance ranking with respect to both knockdown and mortality was as follows: Co-intercalated α-cypermethrin > cointercalated propoxur > co-intercalated DDT > DDT.

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