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In patients with paradoxical cerebral embolism, migraine headaches are more frequent than in the general population, and transcatheter closure of the PFO results in complete resolution or marked reduction in frequency of migraine headache.

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Symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis have high mortality if timely aortic valve replacement is not feasible. Twenty percent of the patients referred for percutaneous aortic valve replacement underwent surgical aortic valve replacement with good outcome. Patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty alone or no intervention had unfavorable outcomes.