Recent experimentation has shown that cognitive aptitude measures are predicted by tests of the scope of an individual's attention or capacity in simple working memory tasks and also by the ability to control attention. However, these experiments do not indicate how separate or related the scope and control of attention are. An experiment with 52 children (10 to 11 years old) and 52 college students included measures of the scope and control of attention, as well as verbal and nonverbal aptitude measures. The children showed little evidence of using sophisticated attentional control, but the scope of attention predicted intelligence in that group. In adults, both the scope and control of attention varied among individuals and accounted for considerable individual variance in intelligence. About one third that variance was shared between scope and control, and the rest was unique to one or the other. Scope and control of attention appear to be related but distinct contributors to intelligence.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> There is a paucity of published data regarding the optimal type of anesthesia and ventilation strategies during rigid bronchoscopy. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of our study is to report the procedural and anesthesia-related complications with rigid bronchoscopy using total intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous assisted ventilation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective review of patients undergoing therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy at the University of Chicago between October 2012 and December 2014 was performed. Data were recorded relating to patients’ demographics, comorbidities, type of anesthesia, need for neuromuscular blockade (NMB), intraoperative hypoxemia, hypotension, perioperative adverse events, and mortality. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Fifty-five patients underwent 79 rigid bronchoscopy procedures; 90% were performed for malignant disease and 90% of patients had an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class III or IV. The majority (76%) did not require use of NMB. The most common adverse events were intraoperative hypoxemia (67%) and hypotension (77%). Major bleeding and postoperative respiratory failure occurred in 3.8 and 5.1% of procedures, respectively. There was no intraoperative mortality or cardiac dysrhythmias. The 30-day mortality was 7.6% and was associated with older age, inpatient status, congestive heart failure, home oxygen use, and procedural duration. Intraoperative hypoxemia, hypotension, and ASA class were not associated with 30-day mortality. The majority (94%) of patients were discharged home. The use of NMB did not impact outcomes. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study suggests that therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy can be safely performed with total intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous assisted ventilation in patients with central airway obstruction, significant comorbidities, and a high ASA class. The only significant modifiable variable predicting the 30-day mortality was the duration of the procedure.

Past research has found that high levels of causal uncertainty (cu) are associated with less reliance on available stereotypes. In the current research, we examined lack of category fit and a consequent movement along the impression formation continuum as the underlying process. Participants who were high or low in cu read about an honors student or junior. They learned 10 details: 5 suggested a low gPA and 5 suggested a high gPA. We found that high compared to low cu participants relied on the honors student stereotype less and predicted a lower gPA in the honors student condition. This effect was mediated by perceived typicality. high compared to low cu participants thought the target resembled a typical honors student to a lesser extent. In addition, an examination of participants' open-ended comments about the target revealed that high compared to low cu participants were further along the impression formation continuum.People have a primary need to understand cause-and-effect relations in the social world (Heider, 1958). Unfortunately, the causal structure of social events often is complex, vague, and difficult to verify. Our causal analyses, therefore, frequently are probabilistic and may be associated with beliefs and feelings that we do not completely comprehend reality. Consider the seemingly happily married couple who suddenly files for divorce or, worse, the shooting of students and teachers at Virginia Tech. Both such events likely would give rise to questions about how well we understand the underlying causal structure. Both might well result in a search for more information to repair our state of knowledge about the world in which we live.

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