Research Summary New entrants often face uncertainty regarding how to optimally position themselves within product markets. We suggest that new entrants can use two important schemas to strategically categorize themselves to gain a competitive advantage in platform markets: category exemplars and category prototypes. Using a unique dataset of more than 83,000 new Google Play developers and more than 139,000 apps, we find that the optimally distinct entry point is at a high level of exemplar similarity and a low level of prototype similarity. We find that greater alignment of an entrant with the prototype corresponds to a weaker benefit of exemplar similarity. These findings have important implications for understanding competitive dynamics within product markets, strategic positioning at entry, and the interdependence of strategic categorization decisions. Managerial Summary Entrepreneurial startups often find it difficult to know how to optimally position their products among a large number of rivals in highly competitive platform markets. Our study suggests that these startups can draw on two reference points to help determine the optimal positioning for their products: category exemplars and category prototypes. Exemplars include the most successful products in a market category while prototypes represent the most common products in a category. Drawing on a large dataset obtained from the Google Play app store, we find that developers can substantially increase the installs of their first app by crafting an app text description that is as similar as possible to the description of a category exemplar and as different as possible from the category's prototypical description.

Research summary: Entrepreneurs often need resources controlled by stakeholders to form and exploit opportunities. While many of these resources can be acquired through simple contracts, the acquisition of some may require efforts on the part of stakeholders that go beyond what can be specified contractually. Such efforts-extra-role behaviors-generally involve the formation of deep psychological bonds between stakeholders and entrepreneurial endeavors. In an entrepreneurial context, the process of creating these bonds can be called stakeholder enrollment. Critical attributes of this process are shown to vary by the informational setting (risky or uncertain) within which entrepreneurship takes place. Managerial summary:Entrepreneurs often need to gain access to resources controlled by other stakeholders to be successful. In some cases, entrepreneurs must induce these stakeholders to form deep psychological bonds in order to obtain the required resources. The process of creating these bonds is called stakeholder enrollment. This article notes that entrepreneurs can use information about the nature of the opportunity they are pursuing, information about themselves (i.e., the entrepreneurs' charisma, trustworthiness, and reputation), or both, to enroll stakeholders. This article suggests that the more uncertain a particular opportunity is, the less entrepreneurs can use information about the opportunity and the more they must rely on information about themselves to successfully enroll stakeholders. Stakeholder enrollment under uncertaintyOf course, not all entrepreneurial settings are risky. When neither the possible outcomes associated with B. L. Burns et al.

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent, costly, and debilitating diseases in the world. Although traditional insulin therapy has alleviated the short-term effects, long-term complications are ubiquitous and harmful. For these reasons, alternative treatment options are being developed. This review investigates one appealing area: cell replacement using encapsulated islets. Encapsulation materials, encapsulation methods, and cell sources are presented and discussed. In addition, the major factors that currently limit cell viability and functionality are reviewed, and strategies to overcome these limitations are examined. This review is designed to introduce the reader to cell replacement therapy and cell and tissue encapsulation, especially as it applies to diabetes.

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent, costly, and debilitating diseases in the world. Although traditional insulin therapy has alleviated the short-term effects, long-term complications are ubiquitous and harmful. For these reasons, alternative treatment options are being developed. This review investigates one appealing area: cell replacement using encapsulated islets. Encapsulation materials, encapsulation methods, and cell sources are presented and discussed. In addition, the major factors that currently limit cell viability and functionality are reviewed, and strategies to overcome these limitations are examined. This review is designed to introduce the reader to cell replacement therapy and cell and tissue encapsulation, especially as it applies to diabetes.

Research Summary This paper seeks to extend the problemistic search literature by investigating how far entrepreneurial organizations seeking to improve their chances for success should search, depending on their level of past performance. Drawing on a novel data set from the Google Play app store, the paper finds support for its hypothesis that past performance moderates the relationship between search distance and subsequent performance. As past performance increases, the less beneficial (and potentially more harmful) nonlocal search becomes. While the majority of app developers choose a nonlocal search strategy in response to low first app performance, this is rarely the best choice. Instead, the highest second app performance outcomes are associated with moderate search distances that fall between local and nonlocal extremes. Managerial Summary This paper uses a large data set obtained from the Google Play app store to explore the following question: when a nascent app developer's first app performs poorly, how different should its second app be? By comparing the text descriptions of developers' first and second apps, the paper is able to show that as the performance of a first app increases, the more harmful it becomes to make a very different second app. Only at extremely low levels of first app performance is it beneficial for developers to make second apps that are very different from their first apps. In all other cases, making second apps that are moderately different—rather than very similar or very different—is associated with the highest second app performance.