Soft materials tend to be highly permeable to gases, making it difficult to create stretchable hermetic seals. With the integration of spacers, we demonstrate the use of liquid metals, which show both metallic and fluidic properties, as stretchable hermetic seals. Such soft seals are used in both a stretchable battery and a stretchable heat transfer system that involve volatile fluids, including water and organic fluids. The capacity retention of the battery was ~72.5% after 500 cycles, and the sealed heat transfer system showed an increased thermal conductivity of approximately 309 watts per meter-kelvin while strained and heated. Furthermore, with the incorporation of a signal transmission window, we demonstrated wireless communication through such seals. This work provides a route to create stretchable yet hermetic packaging design solutions for soft devices.
considered indispensable and stimulate great upsurge in interest on relevant researches. [1-4] Through integrating with multiple functional materials or devices, the miniaturized energy-storage device can power functional systems, such as microactuators, implantable biosensors, and wearable gadgets. [5,6] As far as the performance is concerned, the shift from disposable or nonrechargeable product to a high-energy output device or even complicated system has motivated the improvement of energy storage capability during the past decade. Generally, microsupercapacitor (MSC) possesses the advantages of fast charge/discharge rate and long cycling lifetime, making it possible for some maintenance-free wearable microelectronics and biomedical devices. [7,8] However, the energy storage gap about an order of magnitude still exists in comparison with microbattery (MB), and the insufficient energy supply restricts the widespread applications of MSC in the main power systems. [9] Serving as the primary choice for powering advanced miniaturized devices, MBs ensure sufficient energy density and maintain a stable voltage output. In general, a rechargeable battery consists of cathode, anode, and electrolyte in between, therefore it is the electrode that calls for miniaturization in size ranging from microns to centimeters. The total energy available in a MB generally depends on the active materials loaded on a certain small area. Based on this, some concepts of MB have been proposed, such as ultrathin microelectrode for high volumetric specific energy and somewhat thick microelectrode for high areal specific energy. [10,11] In terms of the dimensional ratio of MB, the thickness of microelectrode gives priority to the transport distance of ions and electrons, thus favoring the improvement in power density when compared with the macro one. [12,13] The decisive factor for the performance of MB is the reaction mechanism, and multiple battery forms have been expanded into miniaturized power supply as the supplement. Among the MBs mainly represented by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with organic electrolyte, various alkali metal ion batteries with abundant resources have been explored for possible substitution of lithium. [14-16] From the perspective of intrinsic safety, aqueous batteries have been developed with the merits of both inexpensive electrolyte and relatively higher power density. [17] Additionally, air batteries derived from fuel cells and ideally comprised of infinite O 2 supply for cathode reaction High-performance miniaturized energy storage devices have developed rapidly in recent years. Different from conventional energy storage devices, microbatteries assume the main responsibility for micropower supply, functionalization, and characterization platforms. Evolving from the essential goals for battery design of high power density, high energy density, and long lifetime, further practical demands for microbatteries (MBs) have been raised for the microfabrication technique and device design. Numerous studies have generally...
miniaturized energy-storage devices with high performance play an important role. [1][2][3][4] Different from the pursuit of high energy density in consumer electronics and electric/hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), sensor systems for Internet of devices put much higher demands around long-term stability and high-rate performance. [5][6][7] Microbattery, as one micropower source with high energy density, maintains the advantage of flexible integration in different microelectronic systems or devices, but suffers relatively low power density and poor cycling stability when compared with capacitors. [8][9][10] Within the developed microbatteries, aqueous rechargeable Ni-Zn microbattery holds the most application promise due to its fast reaction kinetic, abundant resource and relatively high voltage output (approximately 1.8 V). The ever-reported researches have demonstrated the industrial prospects for achieving high energy density through 3D Zn and ultradense Ni cathode. [11][12] However, the pursuit of both excellent performance of high rate and stability on the basis of certain energy loading has been rarely concerned.Generally, to address such predicament of Ni-Zn microbattery, the electrochemical reactivity and stability for microelectrode need to be considered. Much efforts have been devotedPowering device for miniaturized electronics is highly desired with wellmaintained capacity and high-rate performance. Though Ni-Zn microbattery can meet the demand to some extent with intrinsic fast kinetic, it still suffers irreversible structure degradation due to the repeated lattice strain. Herein, a stable Ni-Zn microbattery with ultrahigh-rate performance is rationally constructed through in situ electrochemical approaches, including the reconstruction of nanoporous nickel and the introduction of epitaxial Zn(OH) 2 nanophase. With the enhanced ionic adsorption effect, the superior reactivity of the superficial nickel-based nanostructure is well stabilized. Based on facile miniaturization and electrochemical techniques, the fabricated nickel microelectrode exhibits 63.8% capacity retention when the current density is 500 times folded, and the modified hydroxides contribute to the great stability of the porous structure (92% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles). Furthermore, when the constructed Ni-Zn microbattery is measured in a practical metric, excellent power density (320.17 mW cm −2 ) and stable fast-charging performance (over 90% capacity retention in 3500 cycles) are obtained. This surface reconstruction strategy for nanostructure provides a new direction for the optimization of electrode structure and enriches high-performance output units for integrated microelectronics.
In article number 2003251, Liang He, Wen Luo, and co‐workers introduce and review the recent progress of microbatteries from the view of construction and application. The serviceability and connection about technique fundamentals, device design and practical applications are discussed. Throughout the Review, the application‐oriented perspective on the current challenges and further research directions of high‐performance microbatteries are elaborated.
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