In the context of the Demographic and Health Surveys program (DHS), data were collected on diarrhoeal diseases in childhood and related treatment patterns. In this paper we assess the accuracy and completeness of mothers' recall of diarrhoea in 19 national DHS surveys and discuss the implications for health interview surveys in developing countries. It is concluded that there is under-reporting of diarrhoea if the recall period is longer than 2-3 days, whereas there may be over-reporting of very recent or current diarrhoea in most DHS surveys. Reporting errors appear to vary considerably between countries, which affects the comparability of survey results. A second and related issue, that is addressed in this paper, is the reporting of treatment practices by duration of diarrhoeal episode. There were no major differences in reported treatment patterns between children with diarrhoea that terminated in the last two weeks and children with current diarrhoea of at least two days' duration. The implications of the findings for retrospective surveys on childhood morbidity and treatment patterns are discussed.

This study Indonesia is a country with a Muslim-majority population. Halal labels on products and services, especially on food, become essential things to consider in food consumption. Food products that do not have a halal label will certainly cause consumer doubts and become a controversial brand for Muslim consumers in Indonesia. Controversial brands often have high brand credibility in the community in terms of popularity, but do not have a halal label. This study aims to investigate the role of religious orientation, brand credibility, and customer loyalty to controversial brands of food products. Using survey techniques, data obtained from 170 respondents were processed and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The analysis showed that customer loyalty was influenced by brand credibility, while brand credibility was formed by the positive influence of trustworthiness and perceived quality. Religious orientation moderated the influence of trustworthiness and perceived quality on brand credibility.