Carbon material is considered a promising
electrocatalyst
for the
CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR); especially,
N-doped carbon material shows high CO Faradic efficiency (FECO) when using pyridinic N species as the active site. However, in
the past decade, more efforts were focused on the preparation of various
carbon nanostructures containing abundant pyridinic N species and
few researchers studied the electronic structure modulation of the
pyridinic N site. The curvature of the carbon substrate is an easily
controllable parameter for modulating the local electronic environment
of catalytic sites. In this research, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with
different diameters are applied to modulate the electronic environment
of pyridinic N by the curvature effect. The pyridinic N sites doped
on CNTs with the average curvature of 0.04 show almost 100% FECO at the current density of 3 mA cm–2 at
−0.6 V vs RHE and 91% FECO retention after 12 h
test, which is superior to most of the carbon-based electrocatalysts.
As demonstrated by density functional theory simulation, the pyridinic
N site forms a strong local electric field around the nearby C active
site and protrudes out of the curved CNT surface like a tip, which
remarkably enriches the protons around the adsorbed CO2 molecule.
In this study, the
effects of torrefaction pretreatment on physicochemical
characteristics and pyrolysis behavior of cornstalk were investigated
based on the changes in its chemical and structural characteristics.
The results indicated that torrefaction treatment improved the fuel
properties with elevated torrefaction temperature, including the lower
volatile content, higher carbon content, and higher heating value.
In addition, serious torrefaction promoted complete degradation of
hemicellulose, while the lignin was increased obviously. The crystallinity
degree of cornstalk increased first and then reduced with the torrefaction
temperature. Slight torrefaction enhanced the devolatilization and
thermochemical reactivity of cornstalk, but serious torrefaction discouraged
the volatile release. Kinetic parameter analysis indicated that the
Ozawa–Flynn–Wall model was more accurate in calculating
the activation energy, and the average activation energy gradually
increased from 196.06 to 199.21, 203.17, and 217.58 kJ/mol. Furthermore,
the thermodynamic parameters also showed an increasing trend with
elevated torrefaction temperature. These results provide important
basic data support for the thermochemical conversion of cornstalk
to energy and chemicals.
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