While a good hydration state is essential for health maintenance, the dehydration state, produced by the imbalance between fluid intake and fluid losses, could be related to an inflammatory situation. A good mucosal hydration is also necessary for a normal protective intestinal barrier. We performed this study in one hundred twenty‐three healthy young adults from Madrid to address the influence of hydration status on the gut microbiota balance and their impact on the immune system. Blood and stool samples were collected from all volunteers. Beverage patterns, sodium and osmolality levels, intestinal microbiota, leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine levels were analysed.Men showed statistically higher levels of osmolality and liquids intake than women (P<0.05), and osmolality had a significant positive correlation with beer intake in men and with soft drink intake in women (P<0.05). Men showed a trend to increased values of hydration parameters with TNF‐α rises. Sodium levels were influenced by Bacteroidetes (P=0.029), whereas Clostridium affected osmolality levels (P=0.043), suggesting an influence on cellular transport of solutes and thus contributing to the hydration state.Bifidobacterium composition influenced T lymphocytes levels (P<0.001), reflecting an interaction with the immune response of the host. It might be interesting to evaluate this effect in euhydration and dehydration states, and thus relating possible changes in dehydration biomarkers with changes in microbiota community and the immune response.
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