Introduction: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a well-known pathological condition in oncology arising from bisphosphonate use. In recent years, the number of cases of drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw has steadily increased due to the introduction of new immunological drugs. Objective: To analyze the literature on osteonecrosis of the jaw and its relation to drugs. Methodology: The search was performed in PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the articles was assessed using PRISMA guidelines. The terms "osteonecrosis jaw", "etiology", "epidemiology", "diagnostic methods", "oral manifestations", "treatment", in conjunction with logical Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT were used. Results: Although the pathogenesis of ONJ is still unclear, genetic factors have shown an important role in this disease. It is more frequent in patients who ingest bisphosphonates, whether orally or intravenously, with a frequency of 65% in the mandible. Necrotic bone exposure is one of the most frequent oral manifestations that occur. The most characteristic diagnostic methods include orthopantomography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. One of the treatments to consider is the education and instruction in oral hygiene that the patient should perform/take, as well as the use of oral antibacterial rinses. Conclusion: Every patient treated with bisphosphonates is susceptible to present mandibular osteonecrosis when undergoing invasive dental procedures, therefore, it is necessary to consider which are the most significant clinical characteristics, as well as the diagnostic methods by which we can identify it in the patient; the treatments are very varied depending on the situation in which each case is found.
Introduction: Syphilis is a systemic infection of sexual, blood transfusion or transplacental transmission caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Objective: To analyze the literature on the epidemiology, diagnostic methods, clinical and oral manifestations and treatment of Treponema pallidum. Methodology: A literature review was carried out in the PubMed database with the words "Treponema pallidum", together with "epidemiology", "diagnosis", "clinical manifestations", "oral manifestations" and "treatment". Results: It is estimated that each year there are 12 million new cases of syphilis worldwide and more than 90% are from developing countries. Direct detection and serological tests are the available options for identification. Infectious ulceration is the sign of primary disease, while secondary disease is characterized by multisystem involvement. Late syphilis involves neurosyphilis, cardiovascular syphilis and gummatous syphilis, which may coexist. The oral manifestation presents as one or more ulcers depending on the stage. The main treatment for syphilis is penicillin, although its effectiveness will depend on the stage of the disease. Conclusions: Due to its increasing incidence, it is of great relevance that the dentist is familiar with the clinical appearance, especially oral, of this pathology for early diagnosis and treatment.
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