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EMULSIN GLUCOSIDASE AND GALACTOSIDASE 335 3. No separation of the two activities was achieved by ammonium sulphate fractionation or by partial heat inactivation. 4. D-Glucose, D-galactose, D-glucono-1-+4-lactone and D-galactono.l-+4-lactone were competitive inhibitors with similar Ki values when measured against the two substrates. 5. Mixed substrate experiments supported the conclusion that one enzyme site is responsible for both activities. We gratefully acknowledge grants from the Research Fund of the University of London and the Nuffield Foundation.

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1. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was isolated from hamster urine and antiserum against it was produced in rabbits. Immunoglobulin G was isolated from the antiserum. 2. Indirect methods of immunofluorescence staining were applied to kidney sections previously fixed by both perfusion and immersion methods. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein was identified associated with only the cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. Maculae densae were free of the glycoprotein. 3. Indirect immunoperoxidase procedures with light microscopy were applied to kidney sections. The results extended those found by immunofluorescence by showing that the glycoprotein is largely associated with the plasma membrane of the cells. Macula densa cells were shown to be free of the glycoprotein, although the luminal surface of the remaining cells in the transverse section of the nephron at that region was shown to contain it. 4. A variety of immuno-electron-microscopic techniques were applied to sections previously fixed in a number of ways. Providing periodate/lysine/paraformaldehyde was used as the fixative, the glycoprotein was often seen to be present not only on the luminal surface of the cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and of the distal convoluted tubule, but also on the basal plasma membrane, including the infoldings. 5. It is generally accepted that the hyperosmolarity in the medulla of the kidney results from passage of Cl(-) ions with their accompanying Na(+) ions across the single cell layer of the lumen of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, a region of the nephron with relatively high impermeability to water. We suggest that Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein operates as a barrier to decrease the passage of water molecules by trapping the latter at the membrane of the cells. Our hypothesis requires the glycoprotein on the basal plasma membrane also.

As a result of studies with glycopeptides isolated from hen's-egg albumin, it was suggested that the bond linking carbohydrate to this protein was that of an N-(P-aspartyl)glycosylamine (Johansen, Mar

Background: A recent survey revealed that many European surgeons have concerns about the oncological safety of minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MIDP) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods: A pan-European retrospective cohort study was performed on patients who underwent MIDP or open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) for PDAC (2007-2015). MIDP patients were matched to ODP patients (1:1) based on propensity scores obtained via multivariable logistic regression including only preoperatively variables: sex, age, BMI, ASA, prior abdominal surgery, surgery year, tumor location and size. Primary outcome was radical (R0) resection rate. Results: In total, 1336 patients were included from 33 centers in 11 countries. Mortality was 2% and median survival 29 months. Of 369(28%) MIDP patients, 239 could be matched to an ODP patient. Conversion rate was 21%(n=44). After matching, R0 resection rate was 66%(n=149) for MIDP vs 52%(n=119) for ODP (p=0.002), lymph node retrieval was 13(IQR=7-23) vs 19(IQR=12-26)(p<0.001), the use of adjuvant chemotherapy was 72% vs 67% (p=0.28) and median overall survival (31 vs 26 months (p=0.51). Major complication rate (Clavien-Dindo 3-4) was 16%(n=36) vs 24%(n=53)(p=0.06), 90-day mortality 1%(n=2) vs 2%(n=4)(P=0.44) and hospital stay 7(IQR=5-10) vs 9(IQR=7-14) days (p<0.001). Conclusion: This pan-European propensity score matched analysis suggests short term benefits for MIDP over ODP. A randomized controlled trial is, however, needed to confirm the oncologic safety of MIDP for PDAC.