Food intake was individually measured for Large White control (C) and 10th generation index-selected (S) pigs fed twice daily to appetite on a fixed time trial. Thirty-nine C and 38 S boars were slaughtered, their carcasses dissected and whole empty bodies minced and chemically analysed after an 84-day trial starting at 28·6 ± 0·30 kg live weight. S boars ate proportionately 0·08 less than C boars in the first 42 days of the trial (79 v. 86 kg, P < 0·01), but S and C boars ate similar amounts (114 v. 117 kg, NS) in the last 42 days. S boars grew 0-04 faster than C boars (918 v. 886 g per day, NS), and had 0·09 better food conversion efficiency (0·404 v. 0·369 gain per kg food, P < 0·001). S boars contained more water than C boars (53·5 v. 48·9 kg, P < 0·001), more protein (15-4 v. 14-2 kg, P < 0·01), less lipid (20·8 v. 25·1 kg, P < 0·001), less gross energy (1 199 v. 1 357 MJ, P < 0·01) but a similar amount of ash. S carcasses had 3 kg more lean (36·5 v. 33·5 kg, P < 0·001) and more bone than C carcasses (7·14 v. 6·71 kg, P < 0·05), but contained 3 kg less total fat (19·6 v. 22·6 kg, P < 0·01). The lean tissue growth rate of S boars was 327 g per day which was 31 g per day faster than for C boars (P < 0·001). Appetite reduction in S boars enhanced fatness differences between the lines.
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a severe problem for citrus cultivation. The disease management programs benefit from improved field tools suitable for surveying the ACP vector (Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)) and the associated pathogen. In the present study, we utilize three-dimensional (3D) printers and design tools to develop traps that can capture and preserve ACPs. Three novel, 3D-printed traps were designed and evaluated: stem trap, and cylinder traps 1 and 2. The traps and yellow sticky cards were deployed weekly for 8 months in 2 non-commercial citrus groves in Florida; in California, the traps were evaluated for 12 months in field cages and 4 citrus groves. The stem traps captured lower numbers of ACPs at all experimental sites compared to the cylinder traps. Capture rates in the cylinder traps were comparable to the sticky trap, making the device a viable tool for monitoring field ACPs. The two main advantages of using the reusable 3D traps over standard methods of ACP and HLB surveys include dynamic sampling that can be conducted year-round and the capture of ACPs that can be preserved and tested. Improved trapping may facilitate quick management decisions and mitigate HLB.
Growth performance and body composition differences between Large White control (C) and index-selected (S) pigs were evaluated on feeding scales calculated to give very low, low and medium daily growth rates of approximately 450 g, 550 g and 650 g respectively. Starting at 30·3 (s.e. 0·32) kg, 72 boars were penned in groups of six, and one C and one S boar was fed on each of the three feeding scales for 84 days. The feeding scales started at 1·1, 1·2 and 1·3 kg per pig per day for the intended very low, low and medium growth rates with weekly increments of 0·025, 0·050 and 0·075 kg per pig per day. The 34 C and 35 S boars which completed the trial were slaughtered, their carcasses dissected and the whole empty bodies minced and chemically analysed. In no case was the interaction between line of pig and feeding treatment significant. S boars grew faster than C boars on all three levels of feeding. S boars also grew lean tissue faster, deposited less total fat, and had smaller backfat depths than C boars. Similar differences between lines in chemical composition were also apparent for whole body crude protein and lipid. Although the index selection at Newcastle was based on ad libitum performance tests, improvements in the lean content and lean tissue growth rates of the selection line were apparent even at very low levels of feeding.
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