In this paper, ten standard business principles are considered in relation to library cataloging. These principles are intended to suggest methods that may decrease the time necessary for processing new library materials without adversely affecting access to the materials. This purely rational paradigm offers ideas about how to modify the cataloging philosophy and workflow, to reduce costs and improve patron service. By applying these basic principles, cataloging departments can accomplish traditional tasks more efficiently. Furthermore, the adoption of this approach will help to ensure the department's perceived value and relevance by freeing catalogers to focus more fully on the description and access of electronic resources.
Interoperability between medical devices and between host systems is a key requirement for the establishment of an electronic patient health record. A pre-requisite for interoperability is standardisation of message formats and of messaging protocols. We report on the development of testing tools for compliance checks of the SCP-ECG interchange format with the specifications of the CEN standard prENV1064. The presented tools are important for development as well as compliance testing of SCP formatted ECG records. They are necessary to promote the interoperability of important non-invasively gathered cardiac function information. This information is increasingly to be integrated into the electronic patienthealth record and to be interchanged between the various health care providers. Practical tests in our laboratory provided useful information for our own and external SCP implementations. IntroductionInteroperability between medical devices and between host systems is a key requirement for the establishment of an electronic patient health record. A pre-requisite for interoperability is standardisation of message formats and of messaging protocols.For computer assisted electrocardiography a specific standard: SCP-ECG has been developed in 1993 [1]. This standard specifies the interchange format and a messaging procedure for ECG cart-to-host communication and for retrieval of SCP-ECG records from the host (to the ECG cart).The basis for the SCP Standard has been developed during a European AIM R&D project 1989-1991. During this project an inventory on existing ECG compression methods has been made and a new approach for quality assured ECG signal compression has been developed [2].In 1993 the "SCP Standard Communication Protocol" was approved by CEN as a pre-Standard ENV 1064 [3].The aim of our work was to develop tools for verification of the compliance of SCP implementations with the specifications given by the SCP standard document ENV 1064. The SCP standard specifies that the information is to be structured in data sections as shown in the table 1. Table 1. Structure of a SCP-ECG record revealed both: it's usability, e.g. for telemetric applications as well as for data volume effective storage and retrieval ( e.g. in the OEDIPE project [3]). M andatory 2 BYTES -CHECK SUM -CRC -CCITT O VER THE ENTIRE RECORD (EXCLUDING TH IS W O RD) M andatory 4 BYTES -(UNSIGNED) SIZE OF THE ENTIRE ECG RECO RD (IN BYTES) M andatory (Section 0) PO INTERS TO DATA AREAS IN TH E RECORDThere are three format options for ECG data within the SCP standard:• Storage of "Original" ECG data • Redundancy Reduction of ECG data • SCP "High" compression. The principle of this compression method has been described in Annex C of [1] 2. Methodology of the Content and Format CheckerComparison of SCP records from different devices of different manufacturers revealed differences in the implementations which made these records not really interoperable. To identify which of the records resembles with the SCP specifications compliance testing ...
The increasing efforts to establish an electronic health record and new requirements of the FDA forprovision of original ECG data with clinical studies has re-vitalized the interest and work on communication of ECG raw data and ofprocessing results. Despite the fact that many companies from the United States and from Europe had developed and agreed on the ECG Standard Communications Protocol SCP it was not widely used.In new Projects, like the German IMEX, the European OpenECG and within an IEEE107YHL7 working group the whole communication path, available andfuture standards, considering new requirements @om telemedicine, have been discussed. This paper gives an overview on the present state and on some necessary final developments.
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