GROWTH OF Trich;op/ayto.Fz interdigitde ON WOOL 729 for agglutinins. Of the 8 carp that survived until the tenth week, at death, 2 had titers of 120, 2 had titers of 1 :@, one had a titer of 1 $30, and one of 1 640 (see table). The remaining fish died during the first 2 weeks of the experiment and had no agglutinins.In earlier experiments it has been shown that carp in nature do not have these agglutinins.The other fish, adult rainbow and brown trout, held in 10°C running water, were subjected to weekly injections of 1 ml of Bwt. sdnzlonicida4 vaccine containing approximately 5 billion heat-killed virulent bacteria. Because of the conditions under which they were held, few trout survived longer than 5 weeks, and most of them died during the second and third weeks. Post mortem blood samples taken after the first week showed agglutinins, the results being recorded in the table. It will be noted that a number of trout had no agglutinins; but most of these died early in the study. Three of 74 control animals were shown to have titers as high as 1:80.This does not necessarily indicate the presence of natural agglutinins. The presence of agglutinins for Bmt. salnzonicidu in these trout, which had received no vaccine injections, is more readily explained by the fact that these animals have been exposed to trout furunculosis throughout most of their several years of life. It is very possible that the antibody has been developed in response to this natural exposure of the trout to the infection.These experiments indicate that agglutinin production takes place at 10°C. It is believed that earlier investigators failed to detect this phenomenon because their animals were not given the antigen over a long enough period of time.Experiments are now in progress with gold fish, which tolerate extremes of teniperature, to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of agglutinin production.
On October 6, 1789, the French Assemblée Nationale adopted legislation for a “voluntary” or “patriotic” tax as an attempt to replenish the nearly bankrupt treasury. Fiscal corruption, a mounting public debt, and unpaid taxes in the last years of the monarchy had culminated in a financial crisis of major proportions. The first order of business, therefore, for the newly formed Assemblée, was to reform the existing tax system and to bring in new revenue, which they hoped to accomplish in part with the impôt volontaire.According to the terms of the law, every citizen was expected to give a one-time “contribution” amounting to ¼ of his income, payable over 3 years, with deductions being allowed for rent, interest on debts, and other obligations. In addition, any silver plate or jewelry of gold or silver in a person's possession were taxed at 2 ½ percent of their worth. Exceptions were made for those whose income was less than 400 francs a year, and residents of hospitals and charitable institutions. All citizens were free, of course, to donate more than the amount required, especially in the form of valuables. Another feature of this legislation was that no attempt at investigation was to be made; the government hoped that by showing its faith in the patriotism of its citizens, no coercion would be necessary. The only official record required from each citizen was a signed form, stating the amount of tax paid, and a sworn statement that it was true. Upon receipt of these forms, municipal officials were to publish lists of names and amounts collected.
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