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Wireless traffic produced by modern mobile devices displays high temporal and spatial dynamics as users spontaneously engage in collective applications where a significant portion of generated data remains localized. As a result, conventional service provisioning approaches may no longer be sufficient in beyond fifth generation (B5G) systems. The challenge of increased dynamics on the access networks can be mitigated with moving cells. However, the deployment time of these temporary serving entities may lag behind the service demand lifetime. Another viable solution to offload excessive cellular traffic is to rely upon locally available radio resources offered by user devices via direct mmWave-based mesh interworking. An important challenge in such systems is related to the incentivization of users to partake in collaborative resource sharing. To leverage multi-hop mesh capabilities, we propose the use of emerging blockchain technology that offers cryptographically-strong accounting while maintaining the anonymity of the participants. With system-level evaluations, we demonstrate that the utilization of mobile blockchain methods allows for a non-incremental improvement in the offloading gains. This demonstrates the potential of the outlined proposal for becoming a successful mechanism in the emerging B5G systems. INDEX TERMS Mesh networks, millimeter wave communication, blockchain, Ad hoc networks, 5G mobile communication, multimedia communication.

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has delivered new enablers for improving human abilities. These enablers promise an enhanced quality of life and professional efficiency; however, the synthesis of IoT and human augmentation technologies has also extended IoT-related challenges far beyond the current scope. These potential challenges associated with IoTempowered Augmented Human (AH) have so far not been wellinvestigated. Thus, this article attempts to introduce readers to AH concept as well as summarize notable research challenges raised by such systems, in order to facilitate readers further interest in this topic. The article considers emerging IoT applications for human augmentation, devices and design principles, connectivity demands, and security aspects.

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Recently standardized New Radio (NR) technology supports both ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) service and conventional enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) service. Owing to extreme latency and reliability requirements an explicit prioritization needs to be provided to URLLC service when these traffic types are mixed up at the air interface. In this work, we consider simultaneous support of these two services in an industrial environment, where production line equipment utilizes URLLC service for reorganization and synchronous operation while eMBB service is used for remote monitoring. By utilizing the tools of stochastic geometry and queuing theory, we formalize the model with pre-emptive priority service at NR base station (BS) with and without direct device-to-device (D2D) communications. Our numerical results indicate that the priority-based implementation of URLLC and eMBB coexistence allows us to isolate the former traffic efficiently and requires no external control. D2D-aware strategy, where the BS explicitly reserves some resources for direct communications, drastically outperforms those, where no explicit reservation is utilized, as well as the baseline strategy where all the traffic goes through the BS. This strategy can achieve 10 −5 of URLLC drop probability when the baseline strategy produces just 5 × 10 −3 , leading to three orders of magnitude reduction in drop probability and without significant impact produced on eMBB session drop probability. The developed model can be utilized to estimate the NR BS density required to support prescribed performance guarantees for all the considered strategies.

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