No abstract
The determinants of educational attainment among children have become one of the main research agenda among scholars, educationists and economists alike. In most studies, the focus is on the relationship between educational attainment and factors such as the quality of teachers, schools, educational technologies, curriculum design, the fi nancial and human capital aspect of the families and the ability of children themselves. Recently, the focus has been expanded to explore the relationship between social capital and educational attainment. As an addition to the existing literature, this paper attempts to investigate the impact of social capital on educational attainment using a regression analysis based on a sample of 2500 households, gathered from a rural community in Terengganu, Malaysia. Six domains of social capital are used to arrive at the index of social capital. The argument advanced in this paper is that social capital, which could be viewed as the outcome of networking, cooperation and trust at the household level, is expected to have a positive impact on a child’s educational attainment. Towards this end, we regress children’s education attainment on social capital along with other relevant independent variables, i.e. family, children, school and neighbourhood characteristics. Interestingly, the result of our study reveals that the level of social capital that a family has, is found to be signifi cant and has the expected positive sign. This finding implies that social capital at the household level appear to be a critical factor in determining a child’s educational attainment. Thus, our finding lends support to the idea that social capital is a good predictor of children’s is educational attainment. Keywords: Social capital, educational attainment, rural community.
Job-education mismatch and overeducation issues among graduates have been discussed extensively, specifically related to the incidents, determinants, methods of measurement, and the effects of the mismatch. Despite this, the concept of job-education mismatch itself is not clearly explained. Since understanding this concept has theoretical and practical implications, this paper provides a critical review of the job mismatch concept and relates it to overeducation, which is a type of job-education imbalance under a vertical mismatch. This study relies solely on the literature review and does not provide any empirical evidence related to these concepts. A few issues have been highlighted and worth considering for further deliberation. Firstly, even though job-education mismatch, overeducation, overqualification, and underemployment are interchangeably used, these concepts have quite a distinct meaning. Secondly, when individuals’ skills are considered in discussing vertical and horizontal mismatch, the scope of mismatch tends to be broader than that of overeducation. Thirdly, the discussion on overeducation tends to concentrate on the level of study imbalance and not on both the level and type of study. Fourthly, job-education imbalance by the field of study (horizontal mismatch) is not easily defined, and the discussion tends to be related to overeducation.
There are many market segmentations in the credit card industry in Malaysia. One of the special categories of credit card is dedicated to the women group only and promoted as a tool for increasing women empowerment, women entrepreneurship development and women financial access ability. Therefore, this study compares the features of credit cards dedicated to women and credit cards in general in Malaysia through descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA test. This study utilizes data of currently available total 234 unique credit cards including four credit cards dedicated to the women group. The data analyses 13 features of credit cards. Among them only two features of credit cards dedicated to women are statistically significantly different from credit cards in general, which are annual charge for balance transfer and cash back facility. Therefore, it is recommended to make more distinguish features in the credit cards that are dedicated to them to encourage more women entrepreneurship as well as to ensure their real financial empowerment. The outcomes of this research will provide useful interpretations to women consumers, business managers, NGOs, government agencies and other policymakers who are working on women’s development issues.
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