Biodiesel fuel droplet heating and evaporation is investigated using the previously developed models, taking into account temperature gradient, recirculation, and species diffusion within droplets. The analysis is focused on four types of biodiesel fuels: Palm Methyl Ester, Hemp Methyl Esters, Rapeseed oil Methyl Ester, and Soybean oil Methyl Ester. These fuels contain up to 15 various methyl esters and possibly small amounts of unspecified additives, which are treated as methyl esters with some average characteristics. Calculations are performed using two approaches: 1) taking into account the contribution of all components of biodiesel fuels (up to 16); and 2) assuming that these fuels can be treated as a one component fuel with averaged transport and thermodynamic coefficients. It is pointed out that for all types of biodiesel fuel the predictions of the multi-component and single component models are rather close (the droplet evaporation times predicted by these models differ by less than about 5.5%). This difference is much smaller than observed in the case of Diesel and gasoline fuel droplets, and is related to the 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: S.Sazhin@brighton.ac.uk Preprint submitted to FuelMarch 28, 2013 fact that in the case of Diesel and gasoline fuel droplets the contribution of components in a wide range of molar masses and enthalpies of evaporation needs to be taken into account, while in the case of biodiesel fuels the main contribution comes from the components in a narrow range of molar masses and enthalpies of evaporation. As in the case of Diesel and gasoline fuel droplets, the multi-component model predicts higher droplet surface temperature and longer evaporation times than the single component model.

The interest in biofuels was stimulated by the fossil fuel depletion and global warming. This work focuses on the impact of biodiesel fuel on ethanol/diesel (ED) fuel blends. The soybean methyl ester was used as a representative composition of typical biodiesel fuels. The heating and evaporation of ethanol–biodiesel–diesel (EBD) blends were investigated using the Discrete–Component (DC) model. The Cetane Number (CN) of the EBD blends was predicted based on the individual hydrocarbon contributions in the mixture. The mixture viscosity was predicted using the Universal Quasi-Chemical Functional group Activity Coefficients and Viscosity (UNIFAC–VISCO) method, and the lower heating value of the mixture was predicted based on the volume fractions and density of species and blends. Results revealed that a mixture of up to 15% biodiesel, 5% ethanol, and 80% diesel fuels had led to small variations in droplet lifetime, CN, viscosity, and heating value of pure diesel, with less than 1.2%, 0.2%, 2%, and 2.2% reduction in those values, respectively.

The importance of modeling multi-component fuel atomization, heating and evaporation has been recognized in many studies. The predictions of these models are crucial to the design and performance of combustion engines. Accurate modeling is essential to the understanding of these processes and ultimately to improving engine sustainability and reducing emission. The interest in bio-fossil fuel blends has been mainly stimulated by depletion of fossil fuels and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that contribute towards climate change. This work presents a review of recent investigations into the heating and evaporation of multi-component blended fuel droplets in real internal combustion engine (ICE) conditions. The models consider the contribution of all groups of hydrocarbons in fossil (gasoline, diesel) fuels, methyl esters in 22 biodiesel fuels, and ethanol fuel. Diffusion of these fuel species, temperature gradient, and recirculation within droplets are accounted for. One important finding is that some fuel blends, for example B5 (5% biodiesel fuel and 95% diesel fuel) and E5 (5% ethanol fuel and 95% gasoline fuel), can give almost identical droplet lifetimes to the ones predicted for pure diesel and gasoline fuels; i.e. such mixtures can be directly used in conventional engines without modification.

In this review, recent models for the heating/evaporation of multicomponent and blended fuel droplets and their implementation into numerical codes, used for the analysis of the processes in internal combustion engines, are reviewed. In these models, the diffusion of species, recirculation, and temperature gradient inside droplets are considered. The focus of the review is on the group of models based on the implementation of the analytical solutions to the heat transfer and species diffusion equations inside droplets into numerical codes. Four key aspects are summarized: (1) application of the Discrete Component (DC) model and the Multi-Dimensional Quasi-Discrete Model (MDQDM) to a broad range of fuels, including petrol, diesel, ethanol, and biodiesel fuels and their blends, (2) formulation of fuel surrogates, with a focus on the recently introduced Complex Fuel Surrogate Model (CFSM), (3) overview of the recently introduced transient algorithm, Transient Multi-Dimensional Quasi-Discrete Model (TMDQDM), for an autogeneration of quasi-components, and (4) implementation of the latter into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for a realistic engineering application to full cycle simulation in internal combustion engines. The original and modified versions of the DC model and MDQDM are evaluated for the heating and evaporation of droplets of bio/fossil-fuel (e.g., ethanol/petrol/biodiesel/diesel) blends. These were implemented into commercial CFD software and validated. The feasibility of formulating complex fuel surrogates for fuel blends, their implementation into CFD codes, and their application in the full engine cycle simulation before and after the onset of combustion (autoignition) are described.

The efficiency of combustion process in diesel engine depends on the spray characteristics. The most important of them are droplet size and velocity distributions. There are four methods which are used for describing the droplet size distributions: empirical, maximum entropy formalism (MEF), discrete probability function (DPF) and stochastic method. The MEF assumes that spray formation is a random process that can be described using the principle of maximum entropy. DPF method is a combination of random and non-random processes when the drop-size distribution appears from fluctuations in the initial conditions. Under the DPF approach the spray formation is divided into following steps: liquid breakup, ligaments separation, breakup of ligaments into fragments, fragment breakup into droplets. The stochastic breakup model assumes that the probability of formation of daughter droplet breakup size is independent of its parent size (a fractal scaling of breakup has been identified). This paper presents an investigation into the application of MEF model for distribution of biodiesel droplets. We used the model approach with the constraints: normalization, mass conservation, momentum conservation and surface energy conservation. The resulting probability density function (PDF) for velocity and droplet size is obtained by maximizing the Shannon entropy. We also used the new numerical algorithm to improve the model accuracy. The PDF for droplets diameters with different Weber numbers were calculated for both diesel and biodiesel fuels. The MEF predictions were compared against the experimental data for diesel and biodiesel droplet distribution with different injection pressure. According to the maximum entropy method, the influence of fuel thermodynamic properties on the parameters of drop-size and velocity distribution function for fuel sprays has been analysed.

The multifractal analysis of the photos of droplet marks left by droplets of dispersed diesel fuels on the surface of a glass plate covered with a soot layer is performed. The dependences of the parameters for the multifractal spectra of mark areas on the component ratio in a mixture of diesel fuel and biofuels are found. The correspondence of the multifractal characteristics to their canonical forms is demonstrated. The developed numerical method can be used for the quantitative evaluation and analysis of the parameters characterizing the spatial fractal forms generated in air-fuel aerosols. Quantitative relationships between the parameters of multifractal spectra and the chemical composition of dispersed fuels are revealed. K e y w o r d s: aerosol systems, air-fuel droplet mixtures, fractal states, dispersed liquid phase, multifractal analysis.

Automobiles with internal combustion engine using diesel fuel have large harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot, which affect the health of the population and especially children and carbon dioxide, which is dangerous for the planet as a whole. Biodiesel is used in Europe as an additive to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions (including carcinogens), as well as to improve the balance of carbon dioxide on the planet. Using the biodiesel in internal combustion engines tends to show higher nitrogen oxides emissions compared to diesel. In this paper, the impact of flame temperature, ignition delay and density on NOx formation of biodiesel and its component for both stationary engine and automotive engine were analysed. Emissions of nitrogen oxides increase with increasing load. In no-load modes, biodiesel shows lower emissions of nitrogen oxides than diesel.

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