While achieving the food security, the use of radiation technologies for the processing of food wheat grains is distinguished by its practical significance. The use of inactivating (1-5 kGy) and sterilizing (25 kGy) doses of gamma radiation shall ensure the biosafety of radiation-treated grain. Changes in the main signs of freshness (color, odor) after treatment with different doses of ionizing radiation and during storage for up to 30 days have not been established. Varietal (species) grain purity of “Ekaterina” soft spring wheat is 99.7%, its grain purity is 99.93%. As a result of the research, a decrease in grain moisture content by 0.02-0.83% has been found compared to non-irradiated wheat grain at the stage of setting up for the experiment, after 15 days of storage – by 0.15-1.02%, and after 30 days of storage – by 0.44-1.40%, respectively; there is a significant decrease in the grain microflora established by the quantitative parameters of QMAFAnM and fungal microbiota, which makes it possible to establish the positive effect of using gamma radiation to improve the storage capacity of food grains in food systems. Research work needs to be continued in matters of nutritional value assessment.
The article deals with issues related to the development of the grain complex of Russia. Grain, as a strategically important agricultural raw material, serves as an indicator of achieving the country's food security. Despite the significant grain harvest collected in 2022, there are certain internal difficulties in the agro-industrial complex that affect the quantitative and qualitative indicators of grain crops: insufficient working capital, lack of qualified specialists, a large number of enterprises, including small and medium-sized enterprises, technological lag, etc. The national platform “Digital Agriculture” accumulates information about all producers, conditions of storage and transportation of agricultural raw materials. Total digitalization allows the introduction of modern technological solutions aimed at automating business processes and ensuring the traceability of the flow of grain crops and seeds at all stages of the food chain from the moment of cultivation to complete processing, import or export abroad using federal state information systems “Zerno”, “Argus-Fito” and the introduced system “Semenovodstvo”.
Along with the development of agroecosystems, environmental friendliness of agricultural and industrial technologies for long-term storage of agricultural products is being formed as a result of cognitive technologies development, including innovations in biotechnologies. Achieving the biological safety of bulk unrefined sunflower oil is based on the addition of an unconventional antioxidant phyto-raw material to it - stinging nettle, which slows down oxidative processes. In order to prevent oil contamination, the optimal dose of ionizing radiation for the nettle treatment is established - up to 1.5 kGr, which ensures microbiological safety and antioxidant activity (AOA) at the level of 0.763 + 0.016 mMeq, comparable to AOA in the untreated nettle samples after 3 months. After 52 days of storage, the acid number was in the range of 0.99-1.15 mg KOH / g, the peroxide number was 5.09-5.16 mmol active oxygen / kg. Adding 0.5-1.0 wt. % nettle powder to the oil ensures the compliance of organoleptic parameters with the established requirements - transparency, taste and smell. Adding 1.0 wt. % nettle powder to the oil slows down the filtration process of the resulting suspension. The practical relevance of the study is determined by the verification of the research results to prolong the oil shelf life by adding environmentally friendly phyto-raw materials to it.
As a result of the research and in view of the methodological approach to the controlled sprouting of grain crops, the term “sprouted grain” adapted to the conditions of controlled sprouting has been proposed. A unified scale of microphenological phases for controlled sprouting of different types of grain crops treated with low doses of gamma radiation has been developed. In order to take the reading for the quiescence state of the grains of the “Ekaterina” soft spring wheat and the “Remembrance of Chepelev” spring barley of 2019-2021 harvest years zoned in the Ural region, the treatment with low doses of ionizing gamma radiation (5Gy, 10Gy, and 15Gy) has been carried out. In the developed scale of microphenological phases for germination of grain crops, the dry grain phase has been introduced and the technological features of the sprouting and its effectiveness have been given. In the second phase of the sprouting, intense water absorption is observed in all groups of samples. Bioactivation of grain crops effects the increase in germination energy—up to 92-93% when treated with a dose of 10Gy. The germination rate of the 1st seed is on average 2-3 days. Low-dose gamma radiation of grains is distinguished by its industrial applicability when sprouted grains are used as an independent product or as a raw material component.
Barley, characterized by early ripening, cold and drought resistance, is an important agricultural grain crop. Ionizing radiation use in the pre-sowing seed treatment technology is promising in order to control pathogens and increase the grain crops yield. The study aims at developing a microphenological sprouting phases scale of spring barley variety in Remembrance of Vyacheslav Chepelev treated with small doses of gamma radiation under controlled ontogeny conditions. The authors gave the concepts interpretation of “sprouted grain” and “grain sprouts”. To remove the dormant state of the original seeds (grains) of spring barley variety in Remembrance of Vyacheslav Chepelev harvested in 2021 and zoned in the Sverdlovsk region, a man treated it with small doses of γ-radiation ionizing (5, 10, 15 and 20 Gy) by a radiation source 60Co. The researchers developed a microphenological sprouting phases scale of spring barley grains with the dry grain phase and the micrograin phase introduced; and classification levels differentiated. A man revealed that the change in grain moisture and grain germ in all microphenophases was comparable with the results obtained during barley sprouting. The most intensive water absorption occurs at the swelling phase with an increase in grain moisture by 2.7 times and in the embryo by 9.3 times. Spring barley grains radiostimulation has an impact on the grain sprouting due to increased germination energy. The authors determined that after 5 days there was a maximum increase in the germination capacity to (92 ± 2) % and (94 ± 2) % in barley grains samples treated with doses of 5 and 10 Gy, respectively, with lower values when processing grains with doses of 15 Gy and 20 Gy. A man ascertained inhibitory effect of a radiation dose of 20 Gy. Despite a higher germination energy index of 75 % in barley grains treated with a dose of 20 Gy, and unlike untreated grains – 74 %, the germination ability in radiation-treated grains was 4 % lower. The germination rate of the first seed is 3 days on average.
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