12 We limit our definition of knowledge to human beings; other mammals also have brains, and may have capacities to behave purposefully. Even machines (e.g., computers) may be ascribed purposeful behaviour. Whether such capacities are to be called knowledge, is a matter of definition, or choice, and not relevant for our thesis. We note that some AI-researchers use the notion knowledge also for computers (e.g., Newell, 1975).13 Of course, the environment and the body of the human being also need to be appropriate, otherwise he may not be able to realise his intended acts. For instance, he cannot play the piano when locked in an empty cellar with his hands cuffed -even if he has the knowledge required to play the piano.
Abstract. The article introduces DMP, a new Decision-Making Procedure. It covers the entire decision process, is independent of the specific task type, and based on realistic insights on human cognition. Theoretically, it is more effective than known procedures. It is compiled from known procedures in various research areas and case-studies. Next to eight main steps, such as gathering knowledge and setting goals with evaluation criteria, DMP has a separate control step for controlling iteration through the main steps. Surprisingly, the content of each step, including the control step, contains the use of (1) trial and error, (2) knowledge and reasoning, including knowledge from old cases (i.e., from experience) and recursion to a new instance of DMP -which makes DMP deep -and (3) a combination thereof. DMP may serve as a core procedure for Systems Engineering, as well as for improved expert systems.
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