Reaction of 4-alkoxydithiobenzoates (n-odtb, where n refers to the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy chain) with divalent salts of nickel, palladium and zinc leads to complexes of the formula [M(n-odtb),] where M=Ni, Pd and [Zn,(modtb),] which are mesomorphic. The shortest-chain homologues of the Ni and Pd complexes show a nematic phase while at longer chain lengths, an S , phase is observed. Most homologues of the zinc complexes show a nematic phase with an S , phase appearing only for the longest homologues. The gold(ll1) complexes [AuX,(n-odtb)] are also mesomorphic and show the S, phase. Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations have been carried out for [Pd(&odtb),], [Zn2(4-odtb),] and [Zn2(8-odtb),], showing the first to be planar and the last two dinuclear with pseudo five-co-ordinate zinc atoms.
In this article we describe the redshift of the charge transfer band of nanosized cubic (Y 1−x Eu x ) 2 O 3 upon increasing the Eu 3+ concentration. This redshift amounts to 0.43 eV (25 nm) in going from 0.1 Mol % Eu 3+ to 100 Mol % (which is pure Eu 2 O 3 ). The charge transfer band consists of two broad sub-bands; both shift almost parallel with the Eu 3+ concentration and are related to the two symmetry sites for the cation, C 2 and C 3i , in the bixbyite-type lattice. The area ratio of the bands is 3:1 and is the first direct evidence for the population of the two lattice sites by the Eu 3+ cations being in accord with the crystal structure ratio. A model is presented that quantitatively describes the redshift of the charge transfer band of (Y The red luminescent phosphor Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ has been studied extensively, because of its rather high efficiency and high stability to electron bombardment, UV-irradiation and ion bombardment. These attributes led cubic Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ to be widely employed in cathode ray tubes (projection tubes) and it is still used in fluorescent lamps. Many properties of this phosphor have been studied by photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrometry and have been well documented, because of its industrial applications. Notwithstanding the extensive literature on Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ , voids still exist in our knowledge on this phosphor. One of these voids is related to the position of the charge transfer (CT) band in the excitation spectrum, although this subject has been widely studied. In the present study we shall focus on the position of the CT-band, which is located at 253 nm in Y 2 O 3 when doped with 0.1 Mol % Eu 3+ . 1 The wavelength of the maximum of the CT-band in Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ , indicated by the E CT in this study and expressed in nanometers (nm) or electron-volts (eV) depends on the concentration of the Eu 3+ dopant and the size of the phosphor particles.2-10 Upon increasing the Eu 3+ concentration between 1 and 15 Mol % a redshift of the E CT of about 6 nm has been observed, [2][3][4] whereas Kang et al. 5 did not observe a change of E CT in increasing the Eu 3+ dope from 2 to 10 Mol %. Some peculiar observations were reported on the effect of the particle size of Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ . Igarashi et al. 6 reported a blueshift of the E CT of 6 nm in reducing the particle size from 2.1 μm to 56 nm; Fu et al.7 measured a blueshift of 5 nm in reducing the particle size from 2.1 μm down to 10 nm. The opposite trend was found by others. Jia et al.8 measured a redshift of the E CT of 6 nm upon particle size reduction from 2-3 μm to 7 nm. Shang et al. 9 and Zhang et al. 10 reported large red shifts, 11 nm and 7 nm, in reducing the size of Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ nanoparticles from 40 nm to 9 nm and from 40 nm to 5 nm respectively. Semiconductor particles are expected to show a blueshift of their absorption peaks in reducing the particle size from 15 to 5 nm because of quantum confinement.11 The observed opposite trend indicates that quantum confinement cannot explain the reported ...
The investigation of cubic spherical submicron particles of non-doped Y2O3and Y2O3doped with Eu3+in a TEM using CL from individual particles is described.
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