In nanomedicines, currently a wide array of reported nanoparticle systems is being explored by targeting schemes which suggests great potential of targeted delivery to revolutionize cancer therapeutics. This review gives insight into recent challenges in modification of nanoparticle systems for enhanced cancer therapy acknowledged by researchers to date and also outlines different major targeting strategies of nanoparticle systems that have been utilized for the delivery of therapeutics or imaging agents, targeting ligand and cross-linking agent to cancer which was divided into three sections: 1) Angiogenesis associated targeting, 2) Uncontrolled cell proliferation targeting and 3) Tumor cell targeting. Keywords: nanoparticles, tumor cells, active targeting, targeting strategies, targeting ligands
There is a growing interest for using of nano/sub-micron particles in the technology of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and also food. Especially, this interest has been increasing parallel with better emulsification techniques and stabilization mechanisms. There are two main groups of nanoemulsion preparation methods, namely high-energy and low-energy spontaneous emulsification methods. Preparation processes and components used are significant parameters that affect stability from few hours to years. Problems such as creaming, coalescence sedimentation and flocculation are not concern for nanoemulsions due to their small droplet size. However, the main destabilization mechanism is Ostwald ripening for them. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented to give basic ideas about nanoemulsions, their preparation methods, and evaluations. Keywords: Nanoemulsion, preparation methods, evaluation
Liposomes, a phospholipid bilayer vesicular system is extensively being used and studied for drug delivery applications in cancer therapy. The reason behind is advantages that liposomes offer such as their biocompatible and non-immunogenic nature, improved bioavailability of anticancer drugs and versatility of efficiently encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent advances such as surface functionalization and modifications of liposomes have played very crucial part to overcome limitations associated with conventional liposomal system which eventually has opened up many new and potential ways of cancer therapy. Surface decoration of liposomes with targeting ligand can lead to actively targeted site specific therapy of solid tumor. Recently, a number of liposomal formulations for cancer treatment are already in clinic and many are still under active research. This review discusses about the basics of liposomes such as structural, components, methods of preparation, and mainly focuses on recent advances of liposomal technology which includes various kinds of surface modification of currently used liposomes with efficient passive or active targeted drug delivery along with its mechanism, the advantages and associated drawbacks and their potential applications in treatment of cancer.
Diabetic foot difficulties are the most usually occurring problems globally, resulting in economic disasters for the patients, families, and society. In patients with diabetes, the risk of emerging foot ulcers is 25% high. It has also been in the record that one lower limb amputation occurs every 30 seconds in patients with diabetes worldwide. Novel methods of drug delivery and wound dressing have to develop to solve the lower limb amputation crisis. One such novel method is "Lyophilized wafer formulation." It is an upcoming medicated dressing material that can enhance wound healing and the potential to ingest vast quantities of exudates from Chronic wounds. That can have been formulating by lyophilizing hydrogel of absorbent polymers such as Calcium Alginate, Carrageenan, Thiolated Chitosan, and plasticizer to enhance flexibility withstand the day to day mechanical stress, covered with some adhesive and protective backing layer. Unless it passes evaluation tests such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Exudate handling property, Folding endurance, In-vitro, In-vivo drug release profile, and Gamma-irradiation sterilizes wafer formulation, and it should not administrate directly. Lyophilized wafer formulation will be the most acceptable medicated dressing material in the future that will be useful to treat the normal wound. The wound formation because of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) infections as there will be site-specific delivery of the drug, packed with an advantage to self administer and easy termination of the drug that can achieve just by removing the wafer case of drug toxicity.
The goal of the present research work was to develop and characterize a transdermal matrix patch of Lercanidipine hydrochloride (L.H.) for controlled drug delivery using the solvent evaporation method. To achieve controlled drug release, polymers such as Psyllium and HPMC K15M were optimized. Moreover, the skin permeation effect of essential oils such as linseed oil, jojoba oil, and pumpkin seed oil was investigated on Wistar rat skin. A 32 full factorial design was applied to optimize two formulation variables: concentration of essential oil as a permeation enhancer and polymer fixed-weight ratio. To study drug-excipients incompatibility, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) had employed, which showed the absence of chemical interaction. All formulations were evaluated for Physico-chemical parameters, ex-vivo drug release study, an in-vivo skin-irritation study on Wistar rats, and stability study. Developed matrix patch showed optimum Physico-chemical properties with the absence of skin irritation. An Ex-vivo drug release study revealed that both formulation variables show an effect on drug release from matrix patches. The effectiveness of the oils as the permeation enhancer was found to be in the following descending order: Pumpkin seed oil > Linseed oil > Jojoba oil. Therefore, pumpkin seed oil was selected as a permeation enhancer in the final Formulation that shows the highest flux (164.09±1.49 µg/cm2/h) and desired drug release for transdermal administration. Stability study shows that the patch was stable up to 6 months at 40±2 ˚C and 75±5 % R.H. and 30±2 ˚C and 65±5 % R.H. The present investigation demonstrates that the prepared matrix patch can deliver therapeutically effective controlled release dose of lercanidipine hydrochloride (L.H.) via transdermal route using pumpkin seed oil as the permeation enhancer.
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