Background: To identify the risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older patients with bladder cancer (BC). Methods: This population-based study included 80,042 older BC patients (≥65 years) diagnosed between 1975 and 2018, with a mean follow-up of 17.2 years. The proportion of deaths, competing risk models, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and absolute excess risk (AER) per 10,000 person-years were applied to identify the risk of CVD-related deaths among older BC patients. Results: For older patients with BC, CVD-related death was the chief cause of death, and cumulative CVD-related mortality also exceeded primary BC as the leading cause of death mostly 5–10 years after BC diagnosis, especially in localized-stage and low-grade subgroups. The risk of short- and long-term CVD-related death in older BC patients was higher than in the general older adult population (SMR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.28–1.32; AER = 105.68). The risk of sex-specific CVD-related deaths also increased compared to the general population of older adults, including heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension without heart disease, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm and dissection, and other diseases of the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Conclusions: CVD-related death is an important competing risk among older BC patients and has surpassed primary BC as the chief cause of death, mainly 5–10 years after BC diagnosis. The risk of CVD-related death in older patients with BC was greater than in the general population. The management of older patients with BC should focus not only on the primary cancer but also on CVD-related death.

ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the non-cancer-specific death risk and identify the risk factors affecting the non-cancer-specific survival (NCSS) in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL).MethodsThis multi-center cohort study included 2497 patients with PCNSL in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database from 2007 to 2016, with a mean follow-up of 4.54 years. The non-cancer-specific death risk in patients with PCNSL and primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNS-DLBCL) was evaluated using the proportion of deaths, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and absolute excess risk (AER). Univariate and multivariate competing risk regression models were utilized to identify the risk factors of NCSS.ResultsPCNSL was the most frequent cause of death in PCNSL patients (75.03%). Non-cancer-specific causes constituted a non-negligible portion of death (20.61%). Compared with the general population, PCNSL patients had higher risks of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) (SMR, 2.55; AER, 77.29), Alzheimer’s disease (SMR, 2.71; AER, 8.79), respiratory disease (SMR, 2.12; AER, 15.63), and other non-cancer-specific diseases (SMR, 4.12; AER, 83.12). Male sex, Black race, earlier year of diagnosis (2007–2011), being unmarried, and a lack of chemotherapy were risk factors for NCSS in patients with PCNSL and PCNS-DLBCL (all P < 0.05).ConclusionNon-cancer-specific causes were important competing causes of death in PCNSL patients. More attention is recommended to non-cancer-specific causes of death in the management of PCNSL patients.