The selective conversion of the acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) mixture derived from biomass to high-valuable chemicals has attracted intensive attention, while controlling the product selectivity at high ABE conversions is still a challenge. Herein, a bifunctional Ga/HZSM-5 zeolite containing both Brønsted acid sites and Lewis acid sites was designed and utilized as a robust catalyst for the conversion of the ABE mixture to aromatics with a state-of-the-art aromatics yield of 77%. The reaction mechanisms including the aromatics formation and catalyst deactivation were investigated through the catalytic modulation experiments with monocomponents and bicomponents of the ABE mixture and several complementary spectroscopic approaches. A synergistic catalysis between the Lewis acidic Ga species and Brønsted acid sites was proposed, and the structure–activity relationship was established. These results provide some fundamental guidelines to rationally design highly efficient catalysts for the selective catalytic conversion of ABE fermentation.
Biometeorology and animal welfareFull-length research article Behavioral and physiological performance of different gilt breeds during lactationABSTRACT -We evaluated the maternal behavior, physiology, and reproductive performance of both Damin (Min-pig × Large White) and Large White gilts to identify the advantages hybrid sows offer with regard to stress relieve and improvement of the welfare level of sows during late lactation. First-parity Damin gilts (n = 40) and firstparity Large White gilts (n = 40) were farrowed in individual pens. Video surveillance was used to monitor the occurrence of lateral recumbency and compare it to other postures, such as ventral recumbency, defecation, urination, tail posture, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behaviors. Monitoring was conducted from 07:00 to 09:00 h and from 13:00 to 15:00 h on days 3 and 6 of each week from the third to the fifth week postparturition. In addition, the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and salivary α-amylase were assessed. During the fourth week postpartum, Damin gilts showed a higher frequency of postural changes from lateral recumbency to other postures and less ventral recumbency, sham-chewing, and bar-biting behavior compared with Large White gilts. However, no significant differences were found between Damin and Large White gilts with regard to urination, defecation, tail wagging, and "tail low" behaviors. The concentrations of serum interleukin-6, salivary α-amylase, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in Damin gilts than in Large White gilts during the fifth week postpartum. Damin gilts partly achieve lower stress levels during late lactation and better animal welfare than purebred Large White gilts.
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