Background: High incidence of breast cancer and its fatal effect has reached an alarming stage across the globe, including the third world countries. Many factors have been reported to be associated with the development of breast cancer but detailed structural and functional information is missing. CA 15-3 is one of the known potential tumor marker of breast cancer; however little is known about structure and functional site of this protein. Present study aims to investigate the functional role of CA 15-3 in breast cancer, especially in development and metastasis. Material and Methods: Hundred female breast cancer patients confirmed by histopathological reports were included in the study. Their physiological characters were recorded in a performa. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to estimate serum CA 15-3 level. Immunohistochemistry was done for estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Her2/neu receptors expression. Results: The study revealed the details of physiological characteristics of female breast cancer. Mean age was 37.72±5.99 and 55.05±7.28 years and serum CA 15-3 (MUC1) level was 60.47±8.59 and 63.17±4.58 U/ml in pre and post-menopause respectively, and both groups of women had sedentary life style. Their receptor status especially of progesterone, estrogen and HER-2/neu were positive in 50% of premenopausal women and 65% of postmenopausal women. Conclusion: There are multiple physiological factors promoting breast cancer. High serum CA 15-3 level and hormonal imbalance of ER, PR and Her2/neu appears to be the main cause of breast cancer. It may be possible that the functional sites of these proteins may be altered which may increase the chances of metastasis in breast cancer.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The role of cardiac markers in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with chest pain is vital. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin levels but negative CK-MB who were formerly diagnosed with unstable angina or minor myocardial injury are now reclassified as non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) even in the absence of diagnostic ECG changes. CK-MB is both a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T is a cardio-specific, highly sensitive marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is a contractile protein exclusively present in the cardiac muscle. The absolute cardiospecificity of cTnI allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction distinct from muscle lesions and non-cardiac surgery. In

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the universal endocrine disarray in premenopausal women, These women are prone to insulin resistance as well as altered beta cell function. Study was designed to find out the relationship of insulin resistance and beta-cell function in adolescent with PCOS. Material and Methods:Study included 50 female patients, aged range 16-20 years from Obstetrics and Gynaecology department in Lahore. All subjects were already diagnosed and documented as patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome on the basis of pelvic ultrasonic findings. Level of serum insulin was estimated by ELISA technique using standard kit. Level of fasting glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase

The protein kinase c-erbB-2 belongs to the family of receptor tyrosine kinase and is involved in oncogenesis. The present study predicts different phosphorylation sites of HER2/c-erbB-2 which are important in preventing or developing cancer, especially breast cancer. Sequence homology showed highest homology (77%) with epidermal growth factor receptor kinase domain. According to PROSITE search result, active sites of c-erbB-2 are N-lobe (glycine rich phosphate binding loop). Catalytic loop with presumptive catalytically active of Asp108 is phosphorylated by tyrosine protein kinase. A-loop, activation loop, becomes phosphorylated and activates the substrate binding. The study strengthens our knowledge regarding HER2 signaling by the detection of uncharacterized signaling proteins, establishing phosphorylation of an activation loop and helps us to make assumptions about the role of such previously unidentified proteins. On the basis of importance of HER2 in breast cancer as well as in other diseases, this study provides fruitful information for designing new therapeutic strategies.

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Objectives: Study was designed to find out the Correlation of serum uric acid with renal function parameters in Preeclampsia. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. Period: July 2016 to July 2017. Material & Methods: Level of serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea of 40 Preeclamptic women and 30 gestation-matched normotensive controls were estimated. Their Demographic and clinical characteristics were noted. The blood sample was analyzed for biochemical parameters, blood urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and urinary protein. Result: Mean age and gestational age of women was 25 weeks with BMI 29 Kg/m2. Level of serum uric acid and blood urea and serum creatinine were increased, but significant difference only observed with serum uric acid and blood urea with marked proteinuria. An inverse relationship of serum uric acid with urinary protein was observed. A direct relationship, of serum uric acid with serum creatinine was observed. Conclusion: it is concluded that estimation of parameters of renal function of preeclamptic women are important along with hyperuicaemia.

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