Solar‐driven evaporation is regarded as a sustainable wastewater treatment strategy for clean water recovery and salt condensation. However, achieving both high evaporation rate and long‐term stability remain challenging due to poor thermal management and rapid salt accumulation and blocking. Here, a T‐shape solar‐driven evaporator, composed of a surface‐carbonized longitudinal wood membrane (C‐L‐wood) is demonstrated as the top “” for solar harvesting/vapor generation/salt collection and another piece of natural L‐wood as the support “” for brine transporting and thermally insulating. The horizontally aligned micro‐channels of C‐L‐wood have a low perpendicular thermal conductivity and can effectively localize the thermal energy for rapid evaporation. Meanwhile, the brine is guided to transport from the support L‐wood (“”) to the centerline of the top evaporator and then toward the double edge (“”), during which clean water is evaporated and salt is crystallized at the edge. The T‐shape evaporator demonstrates a high evaporation rate of 2.43 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation, and is stable for 7 days of the outdoor operation, which simultaneously realizes clean water evaporation and salt collection (including Cu2+, CrO42−, Co2+), and achieves zero‐liquid discharge. Therefore, the T‐shape design provides an effective strategy for high performance wastewater treatment.
a b s t r a c tThis article investigates the dispersion of airborne pollutants emitted from different locations near a high-rise building. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for simulating the wind flow field and the pollutant dispersion was developed and validated by wind tunnel data. Then the spreading of the pollutant emitted from different locations to a rectangular-shaped high-rise residential (HRR) building was numerically studied. The pollutant source location was set in a wide range of the position angle and distance between the source and the building. It was found that the pollutant concentration on the building decreases with an increase in the emission distance whereas the effect of the position angle is more complicated. Interestingly, there is a critical range of the position angle from which the emitted pollutants will not spread to the building in a significant way. The effect of the source location was linked to the wind flow field around the building, particularly with several major flows. The vertical distributions of the pollutant concentration on different faces were also investigated, and it was found that these are more affected by the vertical flow near each face. Finally, a mathematical model was developed to evaluate the pollutant concentration as a function of the emission distance and position angle. These findings are helpful to the understanding of the dispersion of airborne pollutants around high-rise buildings and the related hazard management in urban design. et al. / Applied Mathematical Modelling 81 (2020) 582-602 583 Rising reports of such outbreaks have attracted scientific attention on understanding the spreading of airborne hazards in urban areas, which is helpful for the prediction and control of the outbreak of airborne diseases for public health [7][8][9][10][11] .The pollutant outbreaks are riskier near high-rise residential (HRR) buildings due to the high population density [12] . Additionally, the spreading of pollutants around and inside such buildings is more complex as a result of strong windstructure interactions and diverse spreading scenarios. Pollutants may be emitted from an HRR building (e.g. from a kitchen exhaust) and spread to the same building at different positions [13 , 14] , like the possible SARS spreading in typical HRR buildings in Hong Kong [15][16][17] . Pollutants may also be released from sources located around a HRR building at lower levels [18][19][20][21][22] , such as the evaporative facilities (e.g. cooling tower or air scrubber) of public facilities, which have been responsible for reported disease outbreaks [23][24][25] . Accordingly, the position of the potential pollutant source is an important factor in evaluating the risk of the spreading of pollutants near an HRR building, but it has not been fully evaluated in terms of the distance and the position angle between the source and the building.The spreading of pollutants in urban areas has been studied using various methods. Wind tunnel is a valuable tool in studying such...
Summary Ambient noise tomography (ANT) is a widely used method to obtain shear-wave velocity structure in the crust and upper mantle. Usually, the topography is assumed to have negligible effect on the resulting models. This, however, might not be proper in regions with large topographic variation, such as plateau edges, submarine slopes, and volcanic islands. In this study, we use synthetics from waveform-based numerical simulation to quantify the topography effect on ANT in the Longmen Shan area, a typical plateau edge. Three kinds of velocity models are used in forward simulation to obtain theoretical waveforms, including Case1: the layered model, Case2: the layered model with topographic variation and Case3: the flattened model of Case2. The final inversion results show that the bias of ANT is negligible in the blocks with relatively flat topography, such as the interior regions of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. However, for the Longmen Shan boundary zone with significant topographic variation (∼4 km), the shear-wave velocity image has an obvious negative bias that can reach −4 per cent. The maximum depth of bias is ∼5 km, which is mirrored with the maximum topographic elevation difference of the region, and the average bias disappears as the depth decreases to the surface (0 km) or increases to three times the maximum influence depth (∼15 km). The horizontal distribution of the tomographic bias at maximum influence depth is almost linearly related to the topographic elevation difference. The slope is −1.04 and the correlation coefficient is 0.90. According to this first-order correction formula and the decreasing trend of average bias with depth, the topography effect on ANT can be suppressed to a certain extent.
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