In this study, the inline coagulation was combined with ultrafiltration and nanofiltration (UF‐NF) in a pilot study for Tai Lake water treatment. The results showed that the combination process was very effective for Tai Lake water treatment in terms of organic removal and membrane fouling control. With inline coagulation, no irreversible membrane fouling was observed for either UF or NF at fluxes of 65–90 and 22–26 L/(m2 hr), respectively. The membrane foulants were analyzed, and the results indicated that the low molecular weight fractions in the feed were main membrane fouling contributors for both UF and NF, where hydrophilic substances and proteins, as well as neutral substances and humic acids with polycarboxyl groups, contributed significantly to UF and NF membrane fouling, respectively. Compared with direct UF‐NF filtration without coagulation, the coagulants could aggregate organic micromolecules for cake formation. With inline coagulation, the moving flocs could generate shear stress to scrub the membrane surface for fouling control of UF. Moreover, with inline coagulation, the organics removal efficiency could be further increased by 10%–20%. With NF, the permeate had a TOC concentration of less than 0.5 mg/L, satisfying the drinking water quality. Therefore, the coagulation‐UF‐NF is very useful for Tai Lake water treatment.
Practitioner points
Inline coagulation‐UF‐NF for Tai Lake Water treatment is implemented.
Inline coagulation can aggregate hydrophilic substances to reduce membrane fouling.
Moving flocs produce shear stress for fouling control of UF‐NF.
Superior quality of permeate is achieved with the combined coagulation‐UF‐NF process.
Here, the effects of key factors on I-DBP formation with seaweed salt during the household cooking process were ascertained. And its potential public health risk was confirmed by cytotoxicity tests.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.