Background: To describe the prevalence features, including age, regions, morbidity and mortality of hepatitis A viral in China from 2004 to 2017 by searching the China Public Health Sciences Data Center with the keyword “Hepatitis A virus (HAV)”.Methods: In this study, HAV morbidity and mortality data were retrieved from China Public Health Science Data Center (CPHSD) using HAV as a keyword. HAV infection data from 2004 to 2017, HAV cases and HAV-related deaths were retrieved from 31 regions in China, except Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. SPSS 18 is used for statistical analysis. GraphPad Prism 5 is used to draw line graphs and histograms. Microsoft PowerPoint 2016 and Adobe Illustrator CS 6 are used for drawing geographically distributed China maps.Results: From 2004 to 2017, the rates of hepatitis A viral morbidity and mortality in China were keeping decrease annually (7.1997 and 3.0772 in 2004; 2.6430 and 0.2997 in 2010; 1.3679 and 0.2899 in 2017, respectively, 1/100,000) (p<0.001). The HAV infection rate of children (0-10 years old) was higher than that of the elderly (>50 years old) (p<0.001). The geographical distribution of HAV prevalence showed significant regional differences which showed that hepatitis A patients were more prevalent in Sichuan and Xinjiang provinces (averaged number >4,000/ year). HAV-related death does not differ much between regions (averaged number 0~2.1/ year)Conclusions: Our analysis of viral hepatitis A prevalence features over past 14 years suggests that the incidence and mortality of HAV are decreased annually in China.
BackgroundAlthough the government has made a commitment to advance education on HIV disclosure, depression continues to play a significant role in whether people living with HIV (PLWH) choose to disclose their HIV status to families or friends. Vulnerable populations who are at risk of contracting HIV may also be more susceptible to mental illness. However, there is a limited understanding of the association between depression and vulnerable populations affects by HIV among United States adults. We aimed to explore the incidence of depression in the HIV infection vulnerable populations and assessed the association between the HIV infection vulnerable populations and depression.MethodsWe analyzed the most current statistics from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) that included 16,584 participants aged 18 years or older between 1999 and 2018. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to evaluate symptoms of depressive disorder. Demographic characteristics were compared between the HIV infection vulnerable groups and HIV infection low-risk groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also carried out to evaluate the odds rate and association between the HIV infection vulnerable populations and depression.ResultsBased on the most recent statistics from NHANES, HIV infection vulnerable populations were male, younger, less married or living together, non-Hispanic White people, lower income, and lower body mass index (BMI), with higher levels of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, a higher prevalence of depression, lower prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM; p < 0.05). Additionally, individuals with severe depression had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, DM, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and a higher proportion of HIV infection vulnerable populations and less married or living together (p < 0.01). Finally, the odds of depression from the logistic regression were significantly increased in HIV infection vulnerable groups (p < 0.01).ConclusionDepression might be associated with HIV infection vulnerable populations in the United States adults. More research is needed to evaluate the association between HIV infection vulnerable populations and depression and explore their causal associations. In addition, prevention efforts focusing on HIV disclosure and HIV infection vulnerable populations in the United States should address common co-prevalent depression to reduce new HIV infections.
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