Rechargeable
Mg-ion batteries typically suffer from either rapid
passivation of the Mg anode or severe corrosion of the current collectors
by halogens within the electrolyte, limiting their practical implementation.
Here, we demonstrate the broadly applicable strategy of forming an
artificial solid electrolyte interphase (a-SEI) layer on Mg to address
these challenges. The a-SEI layer is formed by simply soaking Mg foil
in a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether solution containing LiTFSI
and AlCl3, with Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy measurements revealing spontaneous reaction with the
Mg foil. The a-SEI is found to mitigate Mg passivation in Mg(TFSI)2/DME electrolytes with symmetric cells exhibiting overpotentials
that are 2 V lower compared to when the a-SEI is not present. This
approach is extended to Mg(ClO4)2/DME and Mg(TFSI)2/PC electrolytes to achieve reversible Mg plating and stripping,
which is not achieved with bare electrodes. The interfacial resistance
of the cells with a-SEI protected Mg is found to be two orders of
magnitude lower than that with bare Mg in all three of the electrolytes,
indicating the formation of an effective Mg-ion transporting interfacial
structure. X-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopy measurements
show that the a-SEI contains minimal MgCO3, MgO, Mg(OH)2, and TFSI–, while being rich in MgCl2, MgF2, and MgS, when compared to the passivation
layer formed on bare Mg in Mg(TFSI)2/DME.
Background and Purpose: This study sought to identify the efficacy and intraoperative operational details of single-stage combined embolization and microsurgery strategy for Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade III/IV/V arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
Methods:The authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive SM grade III/IV/V AVMs who underwent hybrid procedures and surgical resection alone procedures from January 2016 to February 2018. Outcomes [modified Rankin Scale (mRS)] were compared between hybrid group and surgical resection alone group in ruptured or unruptured subgroup. Factors associated with long-term disability were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses.Results: A total of 100 AVM patients (47 corrected using hybrid procedures whereas 53 by surgical resection alone) were evaluated. After a mean follow-up of 2.3 ± 0.6 years, we found no difference in long-term prognosis and incidences of disability rates between these two strategies. However, the hybrid strategy offers significant advantage in accelerating the resection process [ruptured (P = 0.000); unruptured (P = 0.002)]. In the analysis of risk factors, excessive embolization (Grade C, 60-100%) was significantly associated with long-term disability in the hybrid cohorts (P = 0.041; odds ratio, 24.000; 95% CI, 1.140-505.194), and involvement of deep perforating arteries was the significant predictor of long-term disability in the surgical resection alone cohort (P = 0.025; odds ratio, 15.389; 95% CI, 1.412-167.66). In the subgroup analysis of the hybrid cohort, moderate embolization (Grade B, 30-60%) was recommended because of the low risk ratio of major intraoperative bleeding (P = 0.033).Conclusions: Single-stage combined embolization and resection is an efficient strategy for the treatment of SM grade III/IV/V AVMs. Although the long-term outcomes were similar to surgical resection alone, the hybrid strategy had obvious advantages of shorter resection. In the hybrid technique, moderate embolization was recommended, and excessive embolization might be detrimental to the subsequent microsurgical resection. Chen et al. Hybrid Strategy for AVMs Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT04136860.
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