Exosomes are membrane-enclosed phospholipid extracellular vesicles. In spite of their great promise as noninvasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, sensitive detection of exosomes is still challenging. Herein, the detection of exosomes was changed to the detection of DNA after recognition of exosomes with its aptamers. CD63 aptamer and EpCAM aptamer were used for the detection of MCF-7 cell-secreted exosome. The recognition process was amplified through the movements of a three-dimensional DNA walker. And then, Exonuclease III- assisted electrochemical ratiometric sensor was applied for further signal amplification. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit of 1.3 × 104 particles/mL was obtained with excellent selectivity. Furthermore, clinical application test for the detection of exosomes in human serum was also verified.

Recently, reactive oxygen species-participated multimodal synergistic therapy has shown great potential in tumor therapy. Herein, a biomimetic nanoplatform (MFG@RBCm) was constructed with a red blood cell membrane (RBCm) as a shell to encapsulate glucose oxidase and a manganese/ferrite nanocomposite. It integrated with long circulation and multimodal synergistic treatment (photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, cancer starvation therapy, and photodynamic therapy) with magnetic resonance imaging, producing an "all in one" nanoplatform. The prepared nanocomposite was fully characterized, and the cooperative enhancement for multimodal synergistic therapy effect was investigated through in vitro and in vivo tests.

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