The differences in aspects of morphology, fermentation and probiotic characteristics between Lactobacillus amylolyticus L5 (Lam1.5) and L6 (Lam1.6) isolated from naturally fermented tofu whey were investigated by phenotypic and comparative genomic analysis. The results indicated that morphological difference between two strains may attribute to the mutation of ftsW and ftsK genes responsible for cell division. The optimum growth temperatures of Lam1.5 and Lam1.6 were different, and the acid-producing ability of Lam1.6 was stronger than that of Lam1.5. And the growth rate of Lam1.6 exhibited better growth performance than that of Lam1.5 in MRS with initial pH 3.0-5.0. Besides, Lam1.5 was proved to be safe to be used in fermented food with safety evaluation. In respect of probiotic traits, Lam1.5 displayed the same performance in tolerance of intestinal juice, antimicrobial activity and adhesion properties as that of Lam1.6. However, Lam1.5 was more sensitive to simulated gastric juice than Lam1.6 at pH 2.5 and 3.0, which might be due to its long-rod shape and lack of K+-ATPase and Na+-H+ antiporters. This study unveiled morphological and physiological differences between Lam1.5 and Lam1.6, raising the potential effect of ftsW and ftsK on the morphological development of lactobacilli that further affects their metabolic properties.
Solving high electrical-energy input for pollutants degradation is one of the core requirements for the practical application of photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) technology. Herein, we developed a self-driven dual-photoelectrode PEC system (TiO2 NNs-Co3O4) composed of a TiO2 nanoneedle arrays (TiO2 NNs) photoanode and Co3O4 photocathode for the first time. Under light-emitting-diode (LED) illumination, the bias-free TiO2 NNs-Co3O4 PEC system exhibited excellent PEC performance, with an internal bias as high as 0.19 V, achieving near complete degradation (99.62%) of sulfamethazine (SMT) with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.042 min−1. The influences of solution pH, typical inorganic anions, natural organic matter, and initial SMT concentration on the PEC performance were investigated. Moreover, the main reactive oxygen species (h+, •OH, •O2−) in the dual-photoelectrode PEC system for SMT decomposition were elaborated. The practical application feasibility for efficient water purification of this unbiased PEC system was evaluated. It was proved that the TiO2 NNs photoanode provided a negative bias while the Co3O4 photocathode provided a positive bias for the photoanode, which made this system operate without external bias. This work elucidated the cooperative mechanism of photoelectrodes, providing guidance to develop a sustainable, efficient, and energy-saving PEC system for wastewater treatment.
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