No abstract

Perilla frutescens L. is a kind of phenolic acids riches plant. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is the main phenolic acid component in perilla. It has various pharmacological activities such as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. In this study, the hairy roots culture of Perilla was established from leaves explants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes C58C1, A4, R1000, and the content of phenolic acids was also determined. The highest RA content in the five obtained fast-growing lines reached 19.08mg/g (DW). The effects of salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on phenolic acids (Protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, RA, and ethyl caffeic acid ) accumulation in hairy roots were also investigated. SA can promote phenolic acid accumulation; the content of RA reached 20.92 mg/g (DW) on day nine after treatment. MeJA can upregulate the RA content to 17.36mg/g (DW) on day three, and then the RA content declined to 4.27mg/g (DW) on day 9. These results showed the high potential of perilla hairy roots to produce phenolic acids. It would be an efficient method for the large-scale production of RA in P. frutescens.

Cisplatin-evoked profound gastrointestinal symptomatology is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy drugs, further causing gastrointestinal cell damage, diarrhea and vomiting. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, a widely...

A large body of literature has shown that ginseng had a role in diabetes mellitus management. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. But what ginsenosides can manage in diabetic are not systematic. The targets of these ginsenosides are still incomplete. Our aim was to identify which ginsenosides can manage diabetes mellitus through network pharmacology and molecular docking. To identify the targets of these ginsenosides. In this work, we retrieved and screened ginsenosides and corresponding diabetes mellitus targets across multiple databases. PPI networks of the genes were constructed using STRING, and the core targets were screened out through topological analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed by using the R language. Finally, molecular docking was performed after bioinformatics analysis for verification. Our research results showed that 28 ginsenosides in ginseng might be against diabetes mellitus by modulating related proteins such as VEGFA, Caspase 3, and TNF-α. Among the 28 ginsenosides, 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol, 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol, and Ginsenoside Rg1 might play a significant role. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the management of diabetes mellitus by ginsenosides may be related to the positive regulation of reactive oxygen metabolic processes, associated with the insulin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking results and molecular dynamics simulation showed that most ginsenosides could stably bind to the core target, mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bond. This study suggests the management of ginseng on diabetes mellitus. We believe that our results can contribute to the systematic study of the mechanism of ginsenosides for the management of diabetes mellitus. At the same time, it can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the management of ginsenosides in diabetes mellitus.

Previous reports have confirmed that saponins (ginsenosides) derived from Panax ginseng. C. A. Meyer exerted obvious memory‐enhancing and antiaging effects, and the simpler the structure of ginsenosides, the better the biological activity. In this work, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effect and underlying molecular mechanism of 20(S)‐protopanaxatriol (PPT), the aglycone of panaxatriol‐type ginsenosides, by establishing D‐galactose (D‐gal)‐induced subacute brain aging model in mice. The results showed that PPT treatment (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 4 weeks could significantly restore the D‐gal (800 mg/kg for 8 weeks)‐induced impaired memory function, choline dysfunction, and redox system imbalance in mice. Meanwhile, PPT also significantly reduced the histopathological changes caused by D‐gal exposure. Moreover, PPT could increase TFEB/LAMP2 protein expression to promote mitochondrial autophagic flow. Importantly, the results from molecular docking showed that PPT had good binding ability with LAMP2 and TFEB, suggesting that TFEB/LAMP2 might play an important role in PPT to alleviate D‐gal‐caused brain aging.