Due to the pressures caused by the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and international regulations, the largest ship-producing nations are exploring renewable resources, such as wind power, solar energy, and fuel cells to save energy and develop more environmentally-friendly ships. Solar energy has recently attracted a great deal of attention from both academics and practitioners; furthermore, the optimization of energy management has become a research topic of great interest. This paper takes a solar-diesel hybrid ship with 5000 car spaces as its research object. Then, following testing on this ship, experimental data were obtained, a multi-objective optimization model related to the ship’s fuel economy and diesel generator’s efficiency was established, and a partial swarm optimization algorithm was used to solve a multi-objective problem. The results show that the optimized energy management strategy for a hybrid energy system should be tested under different electrical loads. Moreover, the hybrid system’s economy should be taken into account when the ship’s power load is high, and the output power from the new energy generation system should be increased as much as possible. Finally, the diesel generators’ efficiency should be taken into consideration when the ship’s electrical load is low, and the injection power of the new energy system should be reduced appropriately.
Laminar burning velocities of premixed ethanol−water−air flames over a range of equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.6 at 0.1 MPa and 383 K were determined experimentally at different water contents in a combustion chamber with central ignition. An ethanol oxidation mechanism was selected to simulate one-dimensional planar flames of ethanol−water−air mixtures under the same conditions to observe the effect of the water addition on the planar flame structure, the sensitivity of laminar burning velocity, and the net reaction rates of the elementary reactions. The physical effect of water was separated from its chemical effect by designing a type of fictitious water in the simulation. Results show that unstretched flame speeds and laminar burning velocities of the flames decrease with increasing the water content. When the water content was elevated, the peaks of the mole fractions of the main radical species gradually decrease and the net reaction rates of the elementary reactions with positive sensitivity coefficients decrease more than those of the elementary reactions with negative sensitivity coefficients. Both physical and chemical effects of water suppress laminar burning velocities of hydrous ethanol−air mixtures, and the former dominates. The chemical effect of water promotes production of OH and has a much more remarkable influence on the reaction rates of the elementary reactions with negative sensitivity coefficients than on those of the elementary reactions with positive coefficients. The physical effect of water has an inhibiting effect on both the production of the radicals and the reaction rates of the elementary reactions.
Increased levels of variable renewable generation lead to increased variations in power flows. If the required transmission capacity is provided by a grid with no or little controllability as in today's power system, the consequence is a significant under-utilization of the transmission assets most of the time. In this paper, corrective power flow control is used to improve the utilization of the existing transmission capabilities and adjust the grid to the varying needs of generation and demand. In lieu of the traditional N-1 security formulation, a risk based approach is employed. The resulting risk constrained economic dispatch is solved efficiently by decomposing it into a two stage process by using newly defined locational security impact factors (LSIF). In addition, these LSIFs provide information on the most effective, location-dependent measures to reduce system risk. Simulations provide insights into the effectiveness of the proposed approach and the potential of corrective power flow control to reduce cost of dispatched generation and to decrease system risk.Index Terms-Corrective power flow control, risk minimization, security constrained optimal power flow.
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