Studies demonstrate that breastfeeding can protect mothers from postpartum depression, and are starting to clarify which biological and psychological processes may explain this protection. However, there are still equivocal results in the literature that may be explained by the methodological limitations presented by some studies.
RESUMO.A investigação empírica e teórica sobre a coparentalidade têm crescido ao longo da última década. A aliança parental tem sido conceptualizada como um dos elementos essenciais para a harmonia sistémica da família, bem como responsável pelas trajectórias (des)adaptadas das crianças. O presente artigo teórico, num primeiro momento, define e delimita o construto de coparentalidade, num segundo momento, apresenta três modelos conceptuais da aliança coparental mais referenciados na literatura científica e, no final, discute as vantagens e limitações conceptuais dos quadros teóricos descritos. Este artigo tem como finalidade contribuir para a clarificação deste construto da Psicologia da Família e informar sobre a sua potencialidade na prática psicológica. Palavras-chave:Coparentalidade; parentalidade; família. THEORETICAL MODELS OF COPARENTING RELATIONS: CRITICAL REVIEWABSTRACT. The empirical and theoretical research on coparenting have grown over the last decade. The parenting alliance has been defined as a key element for systemic harmony of the family as well as responsible for children's (des)adjusted pathways. This theoretical article, at first, defines and delimits the construct of coparenting, in a second moment, three conceptual models of coparenting alliance most referenced in the scientific literature will be described and, in the end, the advantages and limitations of the conceptual theoretical frameworks described will be discussed. This article aims to contribute to the clarification of this construct of Psychology of Family and report the potential importance of coparenting in psychological practice.Key words: Coparenting; parenting; family. MODELOS TEÓRICOS DE LAS RELACIONES COPARENTALES: REVISIÓN CRÍTICARESUMEN. La investigación empírica y teórica sobre la coparentalidad ha crecido en la última década. La alianza parental ha sido conceptualizada como un elemento clave para la armonía sistémica de la familia y responsable de las trayectorias (no) desadaptadas de los niños. Este artículo teórico, en primer lugar, define y delimita lo constructo de coparentalidad, en segundo lugar, se describen tres modelos conceptuales de la alianza coparental más referenciada en la literatura científica y, finalmente, analiza las ventajas y limitaciones de los marcos teóricos conceptuales descritos. Este artículo tiene por objeto contribuir a la clarificación de este constructo de la Psicología de la Familia y el informe sobre su potencial importancia en la práctica psicológica. Palabras-clave:Coparentalidad; parentalidad; familia. Durante as últimas décadas, vários estudos tentaram demonstrar a relação directa entre a qualidade da relação conjugal, a parentalidade e as trajectórias desenvolvimentais das crianças no seio de famílias intactas. Neste pressuposto, os percursos (des)adaptativos dos filhos seriam explicados pelo funcionamento adequado da díade conjugal e parental, em que quanto melhor for a qualidade destas relações, melhor seriam os níveis de adaptação e bem-estar das crianças. Embora um consistente ...
Objetivo: O presente artigo procura relacionar e analisar evidências empíricas e teóricas sobre o impacto e os fatores associados ao impacto da separação ou divórcio dos pais no ajustamento da criança. Método: Realizou-se uma revisão agregativa da literatura, recorrendo às palavras-chave "divorce adjustment", "child divorce" e "divorce impact", nas bases de dados JSTOR, PsycInfo, SciELO e Medline e em livros da especialidade. Resultados: Respostas adaptativas e desadaptativas da criança são descritas, assim como potenciais resultados positivos. São principalmente discutidos os fatores mediadores e moderadores frequentemente referenciados na literatura no impacto da separação ou divórcio dos pais no ajustamento da criança. Entre esses estão: características da criança, problemas financeiros, sintomatologia psicopatológica dos pais, qualidade das práticas parentais e conflito interparental. Conclusão: Com base nas evidências empíricas e perspectivando o divórcio como uma transição desenvolvimental, levantamos a hipótese de que os problemas de ajustamento apresentados pelas crianças com pais divorciados possam ser mais bem explicados por outros fatores do que pelo divórcio/separação per se. Finalmente assumimos uma inovação conceptual de que essa transição familiar pode significar uma oportunidade de crescimento e de promoção desenvolvimental.Raposo HS, et al. / Rev Psiq Clín. 2011;38(1):29-33 Palavras-chave: Ajustamento, criança, divórcio, coparentalidade, conflito interparental. AbstractObjective: Current theoretical and empirical evidences about the impact and the factors associated with the impact of parents' separation/divorce in children's adjustment were related and examined. Method: An aggregative literature review was made, using the keywords "divorce adjustment", "child divorce" e "divorce impact", from the databases JSTOR, PsycInfo, SciELO, and Medline and from reference books. Results: Child unadaptive and adaptive responses are described, as well as potential positive results. Mediators and moderators factors of the impact of parents' separation/divorce in children's adjustment often referenced in literature are mainly discussed. Among these are: characteristics of children, financial problems, parents' psychopathological symptoms, quality of parenting practices and inter-parental conflict. Discussion: Based on the existing results, and considering the divorce as a developmental transition, we put a hypothesis that adjustment problems showed by children's of divorce can be better explained by other factors than the divorce/separation by itself. Finally we assume a conceptual innovation that this familiar transition can represent a growth opportunity and developmental promotion. Raposo HS, et al. / Rev Psiq Clín. 2011;38(1):29-33Keywords: Adjustment, children, divorce, co-parenting, inter-parental conflict.Endereço para correspondência: Hélder Silva Raposo. Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar -4710-057 -Braga, Portugal. E-mail: helderraposo17@hotmail.com IntroduçãoO d...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators have been categorized into two groups based on their heart rate (HR) reactivity to stress following Gottman's studies. Overall, type I perpetrators tend to show autonomic underarousal, whereas type II or reactive perpetrators present a hyper-reactivity in anticipation of stress. In this study, changes in HR, pre-ejection period (PEP), vagal ratio as well as psychological state variables (anxiety and anger) in response to stress were assessed, comparing a group of type II IPV perpetrators (based on violence reports and psychological assessment; n = 17; mean age = 37) with non-violent controls (n = 17; mean age = 35) using modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test. IPV perpetrators had higher HRs and lower vagal ratios than controls, particularly during the recovery period. Moreover, the former presented shorter PEPs than controls. There were no differences between groups in the magnitude of response of the HR, PEP or vagal ratio. High baseline anxiety and anger were associated with an HR increase during the preparation time in IPV perpetrators but not in controls. These findings indicate a different cardiovascular pattern of response to psychosocial stress in IPV perpetrators, especially during recovery. Thus, they contribute to understanding the biological functioning of violence sub-types, supporting the validity of cardiovascular measures as diagnostic indicators for IPV classification.
Objective: To review the literature on the effects of parental divorce over the psychological maladjustment and physical health problems in children of divorced parents, thus contributing to the integration of existing scientific knowledge based on the biopsychosocial model of the impact of divorce on children's physical health as proposed by Troxel and Matthews (2004). Sources:Review of the literature using MEDLINE and PsycInfo (1980-2007) databases, selecting the most representative articles on the subject. Special attention was paid to contributions by internationally renowned investigators on the subject. Summary of the findings:Divorce may be responsible for a decline of physical and psychological health in children. The developmental maladjustment of children is not triggered by divorce itself, but rather by other risk factors associated with it, such as interparental conflict, parental psychopathology, decline in socio-economic level, inconsistency in parenting styles, a parallel and conflicting co-parenting relationship between parents and low levels of social support. Such risk factors trigger maladjusted developmental pathways, marked by psychopathological symptoms, poor academic performance, worst levels of physical health, risk behavior, exacerbated psychophysiological responses to stress and weakening of the immune system. Conclusions:Clear links were observed between experiencing parental divorce and facing problems of physical and psychological maladjustment in children. Divorce is a stressor that should be considered by health professionals as potentially responsible for maladjusted neuropsychobiological responses and for decline in children's physical health. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(5):385-396:Divorce, children, health, interparental conflict, immunology, stress. ResumoObjetivo: Apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre os efeitos da separação parental na desadaptação psicológica e nos problemas de saúde física em crianças filhas de pais separados, contribuindo para a integração do conhecimento científico existente à luz do modelo biopsicossocial do impacto da separação na saúde física das crianças de Troxel e Matthews (2004). Fontes dos dados:Revisão da literatura utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE e PsycInfo , selecionando os artigos mais representativos do tema. Foi dada especial atenção aos contributos dos investigadores de referência internacional no tema. Síntese dos dados:A separação pode ser responsável pela diminuição da saúde física e psicológica das crianças. Não é a separação por si própria a que desencadeia a desadaptação desenvolvimental das crianças, mas sim outros fatores de risco associados à mesma, como, por exemplo, o conflito interparental, a psicopatologia de um dos pais, a redução do nível socioeconômico, um estilo parental inconsistente, uma relação coparental paralela e conflituosa e baixos níveis de suporte social. Estes fatores de risco desencadeiam trajetórias desenvolvimentais caracterizadas por inadequada adaptação, com possível sintomatologia psicopa...
Nunes-Costa, R., Lopes, C. & Leite,Â. (2020). Parenting and management skills: The mediator role of empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61, 388-392.The present study aimed to test the effect of sex as well as the experience of parenting at the level of empathy and management skills and the mediating effect of empathy on the relationship between the experience of parenting and management skills. No differences were found between men and women concerning management skills. Women had higher empathy levels than men. Being a father or mother increased management skills and empathy levels. However, the experience of parenting interferes with management skills by increasing levels of empathy only in men. Career counselors need to considerer not only the processes inherent to each management task, but also the variables that intensify these competences, integrating emotional and relational dimensions.Participants with children obtained higher empathy scores (M = 65.77, SD = 10.28) than those without children
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