By using information entropy to estimate the distribution uniformity of the pixels with a same gray level, an accurate salt and pepper noise detection method is presented based on the statistical property of salt and pepper noise. And then, a new modified mean filter is designed, which sets up noise-centre filtering windows, Moreover, the weighted means are calculated by merely using the non-noise points in each filtering window. The presented filter can efficiently preserve the details of images, avoid the affection of noise points on the restore points, and reduce the dimness of the noise points. Experimental results show that this algorithm has the better performance on noise detection, noise filtering, and the protection of detail.
Electric double layer (EDL) in the polyelectrolyte solution plays a crucial role in diverse fields ranging from physical and life sciences to modern technologies. Due to the nonnegligible excluded volume...
We present an electromechanical model for the analysis of electrowetting by considering the balance between an electric force and a surface tension force acting on the contact line of three phases, namely the droplet (D) phase, the substrate (S) phase, and the ambiance (A) phase. We show that the Maxwell stresses at the ambiance–substrate (A–S) interface, the droplet–substrate (D–S) interface, and the droplet–ambiance (D–A) interface induce an electric force on the three-phase contact line which is responsible for the modification of the apparent contact angle in electrowetting. For a classical electrowetting configuration with a flat substrate, we show that the electric force on the contact line (or the electrowetting number) is mainly due to the Maxwell stresses at the D–A interface. The model is validated by its excellent agreement with the classical Young-Lippmann (Y-L) model for sufficiently large droplets and comparable electric permittivities between A and S phases. Interestingly, our new model reveals that the finite size of droplet produces profound effects on the electrowetting that the electrowetting number becomes dependent on the permittivity of A phase and the equilibrium contact angle, which is in stark contrast to the Y-L model. The reasons for these remarkable effects are elaborated and clarified. The findings in the current study are complementary to the classical Y-L model and provide new insights into the electrowetting phenomenon.
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