Increases in plasma HMGB1 concentration and the ratio of HMGB1 to IL-10 may predict poorer outcomes in dogs with SIRS. The approach described may lead to reliable prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutic concepts in the study of SIRS in dogs.
Diarrhea is a fatal disease to neonatal calves, and rotavirus is the main pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. Although previous studies have reported that the gut microbiota is changed in calves during diarrhea, less is known about whether rotavirus infection alters the structure of the gut microbiota. Here, we characterized fecal microbial communities and identified possible relationships between the gut microbiota profiles and physiological parameters. Five fecal specimens of rotavirus-infected calves from 1 to 30 days after birth and five fecal specimens of age-matched healthy calves were used for the microbial community analysis using the Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Rotavirus infection was associated with reduced rotavirus infection significantly reduced the richness and diversity of the bacterial community. Weighted unique fraction metric analysis exhibited significant differences in community membership and structure between healthy and rotavirus-infected calves. Based on relative abundance analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size, we found that the representative genera from Lactobacillus, Subdoligranulum, Blautia, and Bacteroides were closely related to healthy calves, while the genera Escherichia and Clostridium were closely affiliated to rotavirus-infected calves. Furthermore, canonical correlation analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient results revealed that the increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Subdoligranulum, and Bacteroides were correlated with normal levels of physiological characteristics such as white blood cells, blood urea nitrogen, serum amyloid protein A, and glucose concentration in serum. These results suggest that rotavirus infection alters the structure of the gut microbiota, correlating changes in physiological parameters. This study provides new information on the relationship between gut microbiota and the physiological parameters of rotavirus-mediated diarrheic calves.
ABSTRACT. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on LPS-stimulated canine PBMCs in vitro. We found that EP treatment inhibited the mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF- and IL-6), but induced mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). ELISA measurements revealed that EP also effectively downregulates the LPS-induced increase in proinflammatory cytokine release, while upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine release. These data indicate that EP could be an effective anti-inflammatory agent in dogs.KEY WORDS: canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cytokine, ethyl pyruvate, mRNA.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(10): 1379-1381, 2010 Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a simple aliphatic ester derived from the endogenous metabolite pyruvic acid and has been shown to exhibit antioxidant [5] and anti-inflammatory [1] properties. While EP is known to inhibit activation of p28 mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-B in murine macrophages [10], its anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unclear.We hypothesized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of canine PBMCs would induce proinflammatory cytokine expression and that EP would attenuate this increase at either the mRNA or protein level. To address this hypothesis, we selected TNF- and IL-6 as representative proinflammatory cytokines that are upregulated after LPS administration. In addition, we selected IL-10 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine.Blood was collected from six healthy beagles and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated using Histopaque ) and 100 U/ml penicillin G and 10 g/ml streptomycin (Sigma) at 37C in 5% CO 2 and incubated overnight. The next day, the mononuclear cells were exposed to 100 ng/ml of LPS (Escherichia coli serotype O111: B4, Sigma) and simultaneously treated with various concentrations of EP (Sigma) (5 d 10 mM each) based on previous in vitro studies [9]. The cell pellets were used for RNA isolation, and the cell-free supernatants were stored at -80C until they were analyzed. Samples were harvested after 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr of cultivation. Unstimulated cells and cells in 10 mM ethyl pyruvate were used as controls. All procedures used in this study were approved by local animal welfare authorities (CBU2008-021).For the quantification of cytokine gene expression, SYBR ® green real-time PCR was used. Total RNA was extracted using an RNeasy The primers utilized in this study are summarized in Table 1. The optimal annealing temperature (T a ) for all assays ranged from 60C for GAPDH and IL-6 to 62C for TNF- and IL-10. Primer efficiency calculations [E (%) = (10 (1/-S) -1) 100, S=slope] for all of the standard lines were between 95.7 and 102.4%. Relative quantification was analyzed using the -2 CT method as previously described [4]. Tests were performed in duplicate.Our quantification of cytokine mRNA abundance demonstrated that EP inhibits TNF- and IL-6 mRNA synthesis and promotes IL-10 mRNA expression on LPS stimulation,
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