Background: At the biological level, ageing results from a plodding decline in physical and mental capability, an emergent menace of malady, and eventually, fatality. Even though a few of the geriatric's health changes are hereditary, to a great extent is due to individual's physical and societal surroundings and their residence, locality, societies, gender, ethnicity or socio-economic status. The current debate is well popular by the relationship between increasing diversity and the ageing population with healthcare expenditure in the United States. Higher diversity in society and increasing ageing population have various socio-economic consequences. A good policy in this regard helpful to managed and get fruitful outcomes.Objective: This study aims to examine the direct effects of diversity and ageing population on healthcare spending. The assortment observed in geriatrics is not arbitrary. A huge portion emerges from individual's physical and social settings and the influence of these environs on their prospect and well-being demeanour.Method: This study used the Bayesian-vector autoregressive model, impulse response analysis, and variance decomposition and data over the period 1990-2018 for empirical analysis of the United States. Results:The empirical findings indicate that diversity and ageing population are more persistent with health expenditure in the United States. This study concludes that an

Background: Job stress is now a widely used term use by speech-language pathologists. Workplace workload stress, high levels of time pressure, poor salaries, and the effect on mental health on job performance appear to be the main causes of low productivity in any work context. To combat stress, employees require a certain level of motivation as well as job stress management solutions. Objective: To find the effect of job stress and on Speech-Language Pathologists’ job performance in Pakistan. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study. Sampling technique used for this study was random. It was conducted through social media platforms or online survey. Duration of the study was six months from August 2021 to January 2022, after the approval of IRB. Sample size was 120 that was taken on the basis of (http://www.pslpa.org). SLPs included in this study had experience more than 1 year in Overall Pakistan. Data was collected through structured questionnaire. After the completion of data, all the responses were recorded and frequencies of each question were calculated through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to evaluate final results of research. Results: According to the findings of the study, both males and females were feeling job stress at work. Age, profession, job title, and regular salary all have considerable differences. Workload stress, Job Security stress, Shift work stress, and job performance stress were the 4 components analyzed by the researcher. And these variables indicate distinct levels of occupational stress in SLPs (Severe, Moderate, and Mild). Workload stress accounted for the highest percentage of severe to moderate stress, at 28.78%. Job security stress had mild percentage, indicating that SLPs experienced less stress as a result of job security (27.12 %). Shift work had a high level of stress, which had a negative impact on their job performance (25.12 %). And SLPs experienced a higher level of job performance stress in their work settings, which was 28%. These variables are strongly integrated and had a higher effect on SLPs Job Performance. Conclusion: After analyzing the data using SPSS, it was concluded that Workload had an effect on SLPs job performance in more significant way, shift work and Job performance stress had a higher percentage of job stress in SLPs which affect their Job performance. Only Job security shows the mild job stress in SLPs. Key words: Job Security, Job Performance, Speech-Language Pathologist, Workload, Shift Work, Occupational Stress

Oxygen is one of the most critical component of life. Objective: To access the knowledge attitude and practice regarding oxygen therapy among health care professionals. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted using purposive sampling technique. A structured questionnaire from literature was used to collect the data. Responses of the participants as good/bad knowledge, positive/negative attitude, and good/bad practice were recorded. The data          was collected from Services Hospital Lahore of 140 healthcare professionals. The doctors, RTs, and nurses available at the workplace were included in the study. Results: The mean age and standard deviation is 27.09 ± 4.184. There were 61 males representing 43.6% of total population and there were 79 female participants which representing 56.4% of total population. There are 76 doctors which were 54.3% of population, 40 nurses which were 28.6% and 24 respiratory therapists of 17.1% of total population. Our study shows that 77.9% population had good knowledge and remaining 22.1% population had no knowledge, 82.9% population had positive attitude and remaining 17.1% population had negative attitude. And out of 140 participants, 92.9% population had good practice and remaining 7.1% population had bad practice regarding oxygen therapy. Conclusions: The study concluded that majority of the studied participant had good level of knowledge about oxygen therapy and adequate level of practice of oxygen therapy but a significant number of participants had average level of knowledge about oxygen therapy and practice of oxygen therapy. Therefore, regular training of healthcare workers should be encouraged to update their knowledge and practice of oxygen therapy.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major public health threat that has annihilated more of its infected subjects than any other infectious disease. This study was conducted to explore the factors of non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment along with the socio-demographic indicators. The study also assessed the association between reasons for non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment and the place of living of the patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Social Security Hospital, Lahore from September 2020 to June 2021 by interviewing 150 participants receiving anti-TB drugs for at least one month. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding patient’s sociodemographics and factors associated with non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment. A Chi-square test was performed to find out the association between reasons for non-adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment and place of living using SPSS. Results: Of 150 participants, 54.7% were males while 45.3% were females having age range between 18 to 80 years. The average duration of anti-tuberculosis treatment was 3.88±1.346 months. The average overall number of anti-tuberculosis treatment doses missed during the last two weeks was 3.23 ±1.495. Patients reported that the treatment course was lengthy (99.3%), took more than 15 minutes travel time to reach the health care facility (91.3 %), and felt that their appetite was influenced after taking drugs (90.7%). Patients living in rural areas (52.6%) were more likely to feel poor support from health staff as compared to those who were residing in urban areas (33.3%) which was statistically significant (p = 0.026). Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of education of the patients is associated with the non-adherence to TB treatment among people living in urban and rural areas. Also, distance of the healthcare facility from residence, travelling time, nature and availability of transport services significantly affect the patient compliance with the TB therapy. Moreover, socioeconomic background, monthly income, and employment status play an important role in the determination of successful completion of TB treatment by a patient. Whereas multiple drugs for treatment, higher dosages and long duration of treatment also affects the adherence to the treatment plan.