Introduction: Dermatoglyphics refers to the study of naturally occurring ridge on the planter surface of hand and foot of primates and other animals. Dermatoglyphics is a polygenic trait and is not duplicated among species even among monozygotic twins.The Ijaw’s are located predominately in the Niger Delta with fishing as their main stay of economy.Aim:  To determine the frequency distribution and gender differences of dermatoglyphic patterns of the Ijaw ethnic group in Nigeria.Methodology:  A total of 500 subjects were randomly selected to establish their digital and palmer dermatoglyphics by counting and classifying their ridge patterns based on standard technique.Results: The highest dermatoglyphic pattern frequency was radial loop (RL) 2.7±1.22, with least occurrence of ulnar loop pattern (UL) 1.37±0.60. There were no significant total finger ridge count (TFRC) and pattern intensity indices (PII) between sex P>0.05. Female subject had a significantly higher mean ATD angle and a-b ridge count than their male counterpart P <0.05.Discussion: There was a prevalence and elevated total frequency of radial loop and a diminution of whorl digital dermatoglyphic patterns; this finding is unique for this study population since most African studies among Nigeria ethnic group has ulnar loop as a predominate digital pattern. Also, sexual dimorphism was shown to exists in total finger ridge count (TFRC) and pattern intensity indices (PII) among the sampled subjects, however female subjects were reported to have higher mean ATD angle and a-b ridge count when compared to their male counterpart, this was statistically significant at P<0.05.Conclusion: This study has reported pattern frequency and gender asymmetry of digital and palmer dermatoglyphics traits of the Ijaw ethnic group.

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Congruency of the nasal septum to the philtrum, the height and width of the nose bears great significance in nasal reconstruction. Therefore establishing base line nasal parameters for specific race and ethnicity has become valuable in rhinoplasty. Nasal length, nasal heights are among the most important cephalometric measurement which are also useful in forensic medicine, clinical diagnosis and treatment plan.Five hundred (500) well body volunteer subjects (218 males and 282 females) of urhobo extract of southern Nigeria were the subjects for this study. The nasal length and nasal height of each subject was measured using standard methods and the nasal index calculated as the percentage ratio of the nasal width to the nasal height. Male Urhobo subjects have significantly higher nasal dimensions than the female Urhobo subjects (P<0.05). There was also the prevalence of platyrrhirine nose type among the Urhobo's. This peculiarity has further buttress the poor aesthetic post‐surgical outcome of nasal reconstruction when racial specific nasal index is not applied.Therefore this study has provided standard base line nasal parameters for reference when nasal surgical reconstruction is envisaged within the study population.

The Enteroendocrine cells form the largest endocrine system in the body. They secrete multiple regulatory molecules which control physiological and homeostatic functions particularly postprandial regulation of glucose and GIT motility (Sternini et al. 2008).In Diabetic setting, it is speculated that enteroendocrine cells which secrete hormones involved in carbohydrate metabolism will undergo changes aimed at maintaining carbohydrate homeostasis (Stephanie et al. 2009).To determine how enteroendocrine cells respond to diabetes and their likely role in diabetic complications, Sixty albino Wister rats (male=30 and female =30), weighing between 200‐300g were divided into five experimental groups (n=10) per group and a control (n=10) . Diabetes mellitus was induced with a single intraperitoneal dose of 65mg per kg of streptozotocin. Blood was sample from tail vein 30 minutes after the application of EMLAR cream (2.5% lignocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) for glucose test and only those with blood glucose within the ranges of 250‐ 600mg/dl were anaesthetized with isofluran , cervical dislocation was done to sacrifice the animals. (group 1= 2weeks, group 2=4weeks, group3=6weeks, group4=8weeks, group5=12 weeks). Experimental animals without selective beta cells destruction of the pancreas, demonstrated by chrome alum hematoxylin‐phloxine staining technique were excluded from the study. The stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large intestine were collected fixed in boin’s fluid and paraffin sections, 5 microns thick were stained using lead hematoxylin, Toluidine blue metachromasia, and the Grimelius methods. There was an increase in enteroendocrine cell population in the small intestine, large intestine; however few enteroendocrine cells were stained in the stomach when compared to matched control. Toluidine blue metachromatic staining technique stained enteroendocrine cell intensely in the jejunum and ileum when compared to matched control. These findings suggest a proliferation of enteroendocrine cell and by implication an increase in enteroendocrine cell hormones in chronic diabetes. Therefor it is reasonable to conclude that, enteroendocrine cells and their hormones are likely involved in the complications and management of diabetes mellitus.