The pore structure of rock has a great influence on its physical and mechanical properties. Factors such as chemical corrosion and temperature changes affect the pore structure evolution. In this paper, the pore structure of sandstone was investigated under rapid freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and chemical corrosion. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing system is used to study the pore structure of tight sandstone samples immersed in different chemical solutions after 10, 20, and 30 F-T cycles. Permeability is determined by using empirical method. Results found that permeability is strongly affected by the erosion of NaOH and NaCl solutions. The pores in the rock were divided into three categories based on the pore size, i.e., minipores, mesopores, and macropores. The results showed that the amount of mini-pores and mesopores both decreased with an increase in the number of F-T cycles while the amount of macropores increased for groups of NaOH, NaCl, and pure water. No conclusive trend can be found in the H 2 SO 4 group. Fractal analysis of the pore structure revealed that no conclusive trend was observed for fractal dimension of mini-pores D 1 . Fractal dimension of mesopores D 2 ranged from 2.79 to 2.93, indicating a medium complexity pore structure of the mesopores. Fractal dimension of macropores D 3 was over 2.9, implying that the pore structure of the macropores is the most complex. The fractal dimension of the T 2 spectrum D NMR ranged from 2.55 to 2.77. Correlations between the fractal dimensions and porosity are also presented. Results showed that D 2 and D 3 can be good indicators for the pore size volume of sandstone samples immersed in H 2 SO 4 , NaOH and NaCl solutions, while D NMR is a good indicator for the pore size volume of sandstone samples immersed in NaOH solution and pure water.INDEX TERMS Pore structure, freeze-thaw, chemical corrosion, nuclear magnetic resonance, fractal analysis.
Abstract:In order to investigate the high volume fraction problem of the solid phase in superfine unclassified backfilling pipeline transportation, characteristic parameters were obtained by fitting to test data with an R-R particle size distribution function; then, a Euler dense-phase DPM (Discrete phase model) model was established by applying solid-liquid two-phase flow theory and the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). The collision and friction of particles were imported by the UDF (User-define function) function, and the pipeline fluidization system, dominated by interphase drag forces, was analyzed. The best concentration and flow rate were finally obtained by comparing the results of the stress conditions, flow field characteristics, and the discrete phase distributions. It is revealed that reducing the concentration and flow rate could control pressure loss and pipe damage to a certain degree, while lower parameters show negative effects on the transportation integrity and backfilling strength. Indoor tests and field industrial tests verify the reliability of the results of the numerical simulations. Research shows that the model optimization method is versatile and practical for other, similar, complex flow field working conditions.
Chemical corrosion has a significant impact on the damage evolution behavior of rock. To investigate the mechanical damage evolution process of rock under a coupled chemical-mechanical (CM) condition, an improved statistical damage constitutive model was established using the Drucker-Prager (D-P) strength criterion and two-parameter Weibull distribution. The damage variable correction coefficient and chemical damage variable which was determined by porosity were also considered in the model. Moreover, a series of conventional triaxial compressive tests were carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of sandstone specimens under the effect of chemical corrosion. The relationship between rock mechanics properties and confining pressure was also explored to determine Weibull distribution parameters, including the shape parameter m and scale parameter F0. Then, the reliability of the damage constitutive model was verified based on experimental data. The results of this study are as follows: (i) the porosity of sandstone increased and the mechanical properties degraded after chemical corrosion; (ii) the relationships among the compressive strength, the peak axial strain, and confining pressures were linear, while the relationships among the elastic modulus, the residual strength, and confining pressures were exponential functions; and (iii) the improved statistical damage constitutive model was in good agreement with the testing curves with R2>0.98. It is hoped that the study can provide an alternative method to analyze the damage constitutive behavior of rock under a coupled chemical-mechanical condition.
Stone powder cement (SPC) is widely used as a novel cement substitute material in concrete for its good gelling performance and low cost. In order to reduce the backfilling cost and assess the potential of SPC backfilling materials, a series of experiments were conducted to analyze the strength and hydration reaction mechanism of stone powder cement tailings backfill (SPCTB). The analysis was based on SPC and tailings, which were used as the gelling agent and the aggregate, respectively. The results showed that the strength of the backfill was greatly reduced at an early stage and slightly reduced in the final stages. The stone powder content was less than 15%, which met the requirement of mining procedure. The addition of stone powder reduced the content of adsorbed water and capillary water in the early stages, while it increased in the middle stages. The SiO2 contained in stone powder reacted with the hydration products at later stages, which is the reason why the growth of strength is rapid between the groups with the addition of stone powder. The addition of stone powder improved the microstructure of backfill and produced a denser three-dimensional (3D) network structure; however, the plane porosities of Groups A and B gradually increased with the increase in the content of stone powder. The cement powder mixed appropriately with the stone power could meet the strength requirement and reduce the cost of backfilling materials.
Chemical corrosion plays a significant role in affecting the properties of rock materials. To understand the effects of chemical corrosion on the pore structure and mechanical properties of sandstones, porosity, T2 spectrum distribution, and NMR images of sandstone specimens were measured after every 10 days of immersion in chemical solutions using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. Static uniaxial compressive tests and dynamic compressive tests were conducted using a conventional servo-controlled testing machine and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system for specimens treated with chemical corrosion. The test results showed that after being treated with chemical corrosion, the porosity of a specimen increased, the T2 spectrum distribution would successively shift towards the right, and the distribution of pores tended to become more irregular. Additionally, all of the compressive strength and elastic modulus of sandstone treated with chemical corrosion under static and dynamic loads decreased, and the peak strain increased. The effect order of a chemical solution on the pore structure and mechanical properties of sandstone was H2SO4>NaOH>distilled water, which would be related to the different mechanisms of a water-rock reaction. According to the experimental results, the correlations between the mechanical properties and porosity were established. The results can serve as a reference for research in related fields.
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