The present study aimed to evaluate the pathology of the exophthalmia and the host‐immune response in naturally Theileria annulata‐infected calves. The newborn calves detected positive for theileriosis were grouped into calves with theileriosis and absence of exophthalmia (n = 30), and calves with theileriosis and the presence of exophthalmia (n = 13). Sixteen healthy calves, free from any haemoprotozoal infection, were kept as healthy controls. A significantly (P ≤ .001) higher circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were estimated in diseased calves with and without exophthalmia as compared to healthy controls. Contrarily, significantly (P ≤ .01) lower interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) level was estimated in diseased calves. The diseased calves with exophthalmia revealed significantly higher levels of TNF‐α (P ≤ .001) and IL‐10 (P ≤ .006) as compared to the diseased calves without exophthalmia. The diseased calves were not found to have an elevated intraocular pressure; rather they had significantly (P ≤ .001) lower intraocular pressure compared to the healthy controls. An elevated systemic TNF‐α level might be attributed to the exophthalmia in calves with tropical theileriosis. The elevated circulatory IL‐10 and reduced IFN‐γ levels could be one of the strategies of Theileria annulata to escape the host immunity.
The present work was undertaken to study the ultrasonographic and clinico-biochemical parameters of hepatobiliary system in apparently healthy adult non gravid buffaloes. The present study revealed that, the hepatic parenchyma was homogenously coarse echogenic, interspersed with anechoic bands of hepatic vessels, with sharp margin and was hyperechoic relative to right renal cortex. It was imaged from just behind the last rib to the 6th intercostal space. The gallbladder was visualized between the 12th to 9th intercostal spaces, seen as a pear-shaped fluid-filled anechoic structure with hyperechoic wall, restricted to one to two intercostal spaces. The portal vein was seen as a stellate, branching, anechoic structure with hyperechoic wall and the hepatic vein as anechoic tubular structure with anechoic wall within the hepatic parenchyma. The caudal vena cava was observed as a triangular anechoic structure in transverse view and tubular in longitudinal view. It is concluded that the ultrasonography is a useful tool for the non-invasive examination of liver. Its sonographic appearance and parameters measured in healthy buffaloes can serve as reference values for the diagnosis of pathological changes in liver.
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