An advanced treatment process was developed during the last five years to improve the treated effluent quality in view of stronger environmental regulations and the possibility for the reuse of treated effluent in the Pulp and Paper Industry. The combination of ozone with fixed bed biofilm reactors is one of the most efficient tertiary effluent treatment processes to give maximum elimination of COD, colour and AOX with a minimum of ozone dosage. Several laboratory and pilot tests with effluent from a full biological treatment works confirmed the expected targets. Ozone diffusion parameters, i. e. bubble size, and distribution, reaction time and hydrodynamic pattern are decisive for interface/film or bulk reaction. This is the key economic factor for the elimination of certain kinds of organic matter by transferring persistent “hard” COD into biodegradable compounds (BOD). Two-stage ozonation with intermediate biodegradation proved to be a valuable tool for obtaining high COD elimination efficiencies in the tertiary treatment of effluent with high persistent COD concentrations. A fully equipped bench scale plant using the ozonation - biofiltration process is in operation since the beginning of 1998. A separate batch ozonation system allows tests for optimisations which are difficult to perform in a continuous process. Results with papermill effluent are presented. This equipment gives results sufficient for determination of design parameters for an industrial size.
Endrés, como fue conocido hasta que investigaciones recientes revelaron gran parte de sus datos biográficos relevantes, fue el más importante colector de orquídeas que jamás visitó Costa Rica. Además de recolectar los especímenes tipo de casi un centenar de nuevas especies de orquídeas, Endrés descubrió, describió e ilustró miles de plantas de orquídeas, muchas de ellas aún sin describir a la época de sus hallazgos. Uno de los rasgos sobresalientes de las colecciones llevadas a cabo por Endrés en la Costa Rica post-colonial del siglo diecinueve es su impresionante conocimiento del país, en términos de cobertura geográfica, que en muchos casos se extiende más allá de los límites de los territorios ya explorados en estos entonces. El presente trabajo presenta por vez primera los datos biográficos más importantes de Endrés y de su trabajo orquidológico en América Central. Se resaltan las rutas exploratorias más relevantes realizadas por Endrés, explicándolas en el marco de la geografía social de su época y se presenta un catálogo completo de las localidades en las que realizó sus colectas, referenciándolas con coordenadas geográficas modernas.
One new Catasetum natural hybrid from Guyana is described and illustrated, Catasetum X guianense, and two taxa previously described as species are shown to be hybrids, Catasetum x sodiroi Schltr. and C. x violascens Reichb. f. & Warzc. The latter two are neotypified and lectotypified, re¬ spectively. In addition, a lectotype is designated for Catasetum incurvum Klotzsch. An understanding of the pollination biology of Catasetum species assemblages and careful atten¬ tion to reproductive isolation mechanisms have helped to distinguish species from natural hybrids (Dodson, 1962; Romero & Carnevali, 1992, and references therein). Here we present three natural hybrids from distinct geographical areas where species from Ca¬ tasetum subg. Catasetum and Catasetum subg. Pseudocatasetum are found within euglossine bee flight range. The hybrids discussed encompass two of three possible combinations between these two groups: one between Catasetum longifolium Lindley (subg. Pseudocatasetum) and C. macrocarpum (subg. Catasetum , sect. Catasetum) from the Guian¬ as; one between Catasetum macroglossurn and C. expansum (both in sect. Catasetum) from Ecuador; and one between Catasetum discolor Lindley (subg. Pseudocatasetum ) and C. incurvum Klotzsch (subg. Catasetum , sect. Catasetum) from Peru. Catasetum x guianense G. Romero & Jenny, nothosp. nov. TYPE: Guyana. Essequibo District, Dawa, Lake Tapakuma, 30 m, 18 Oct. 1974, C. H. Dodson, ex hort. Marie Selby Botanical Gardens sub Dodson 4476 (holotype, SEL; holotype fragment, AMES). Figure 1. Planta intermedia ad Catasetum macrocarpum Rich, ex Kunth vergens, sed ab eo floribus minoribus, columnae antennis parallelis brevioribus et clinandrio apiculo breviore recedit. Plant epiphytic, vegetatively indistinguishable from other members of the genus except for the pendent
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